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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Corrections
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Includes prisons, probation, parole, work camps, Salvation Army facilities, medical facilities, and other contexts. Authorized al all levels of government, administered by both public and private organizations, and with a total cost of over $50 billion
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John Howard
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1726-1790, sheriff of Bedfordshire, England, wrote The State of Prisons in England and Wales which led to the development of the penitentiary
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The Pennsylvania System
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The Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons, formed in 1787 under the leadership of Dr. Benjamin rush included a large number of Quakers. It urged replacement of capital and corporal punishment by incarceration. Solitary confinement.
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The New York System
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Auburn penitentiary (1819) , under the Auburn system, prisoners were kept in individual cells at night but congregated in workshops during the day. In this congregate system, inmates were forbidden to talk to one another or even to exchange glances while on the job or at meals.
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Lease System
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Developed in the South. Allowed business in need of workers to negotiate with the state for the labor and care of prisoners. Prisoners were leased to firms that used them in mining, logging, cotton picking, mining, and railroad construction.
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The Reformatory Movement
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Prisons had been overcrowded and understaffed. Discipline, brutality, and corruption were common. 1870, the newly formed National Prison Association (predecessor of today's American Correctional Association) met in Cincinnati and issued a Declaration of Principles. The goal was treatment of criminals through their moral regeneration; the reformation of criminals, "not the infliction of vindictive suffering"
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The Declaration of Principles
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asserted that prisons should be operated in accordance with a philosophy of inmate change that would reward reformation with release. Fixed sentences should be replaced by sentences of indeterminate length, and proof of reformation should replace the "mere lapse of time" in bringing about prisoner's freedom.
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Elmire Reformatory (1876)
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under Zebulon Brockway, the superintendent, regarded education a key to reform and rehabilitation.
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Elizabeth Fry
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English Quaker, led reform efforts in England after visiting london's Newgate prison in 1813.
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3 principles guided female prison reform during 1873+ 50 eyears later
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a. the separation of women prisoners from men
b. the provision of care in keeping with the needs of women c. the management of women's prisons by female staff |
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Reforms of the Progressives
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1.The need to improve conditions in the environments they believed to be breeding grounds of crime.
2. Emphasize ways to rehabilitate the individual offender |
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Rehabilitation Model (1930s)
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addition of classification systems to diagnose offenders and treatment programs that would rehab them
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Community Model (1960s-70s)
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based on the assumption that the goal of the criminal justice system should be to reintegrate the offender into the community. EG. vocational and educational programs
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Crime Control Model (1980s-90s)
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Renewed emphasis upon incarceration as a way to solve the crime problem.
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In most areas ____ and _____ is the responsibility of the state
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maintaining prisons and parole
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Jails are operated mainly by _____ governments
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local
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The federal prison population contains many inmates who have been convicted of....
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white-collar crimes, although drug offenders are increasing
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Only ____% of the incarcerated population are women
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6.6
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