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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Energy imbalance |
A state in which the amount of energy consumed does not equal the amount of energy used by the body. |
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Energy balance |
A state in which energy intake equals energy expenditure. |
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Positive energy balance |
A state in which energy intake is greater than energy expenditure. |
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Negative energy balance |
A state in which energy intake is less than energy expenditure. |
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Adipokines |
Hormone-like substances produced and released by adipocytes. |
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Adipocytes |
Cells found in adipose tissue and used mainly for fat storage. |
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Hypertrophic growth |
Growth associated with an increase in cell size. |
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Hyperplastic growth |
Growth associated with an increase in cell number. |
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Visceral adipose tissue |
Adipose tissue deposited between the internal organs in the abdominal area. |
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Subcutaneous adipose tissue |
Adipose tissue found directly beneath the skin. |
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Hunger |
The physiological drive to consume food. |
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Satiety |
The state in which hunger is satisfied and a person feels he or she has had enough to eat. |
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Hypothalamus |
An area of the brain that controls many involuntary functions by release of hormones and neurotransmitters. |
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Neurotransmitter |
A hormone-like chemical messenger release by nerve cells. |
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Catabolic neurotransmitter |
A substance released by nerve cells that inhibits hunger and/or stimulates energy expenditure. |
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Anabolic neurotransmitter |
A substance released by nerve cells that stimulates hunger and/or decreases energy expenditure. |
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Bariatrics |
The branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of obesity. |
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Dumping syndrome |
A condition whereby food moves too rapidly from the stomach into the small intestine. |
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Bariatric Surgery |
Surgical procedure preformed to treat obesity. |
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Gastric banding |
A type of bariatric surgery in which an adjustable, fluid-filled band is wrapped around the upper portion of the stomach, dividing it into a small upper pouch and a large lower pouch. |
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Gastric bypass |
A surgical procedure that reduces the size of the stomach and bypasses a segment of the small intestine so that fewer nutrients are absorbed. |
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Ghrelin |
A hormone, secreted by cells in the stomach, that stimulates food intake. |
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Appetitr |
A psychological desire for food. |
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Food aversion |
A strong psychological dislike of a particular food. |
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Food craving |
A strong psychological desire for a particular food. |
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Total energy expenditure |
Total energy expended or used by the body. |
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Adaptive thermogenesis |
Energy expended in response to change in the environment of to physiological conditions. |
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Nonexercise activity thermogenesis |
Energy expended for spontaneous movement such as fidgeting and maintaining posture. |
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Basal metabolism |
Energy expended to sustain metabolic activities related to basic vital body functions such as respiration, muscle tone, and nerve function. |
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Basal metabolic rate |
Energy expended go support basal metabolism. |
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Basal energy expenditure |
Energy expended for basal metabolism over a 24-hour period. |
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Resting metabolic rate |
A measure of energy expenditure assessed under less stringent conditions than is BMR. |
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Resting energy expenditure |
Energy expended for resting metabolism over a 24-hour period. |
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Rebound weight gain |
Weight regain that often follows successful weight loss. |
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Thermic effect of food |
Energy expended for the digestion, absorption, and metabolism of nutrients. |
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Direct calorimetry |
A measurement of energy expenditure obtained by assessing heat loss. |
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Indirect calorimetry |
A measurement of energy expenditure obtained by assessing oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production. |
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Stable isotope |
A form of an element that contains additional neutrons. |
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Doubly labeled water |
Water that contains stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen. |
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Overweight |
Having excess weight for a given height. |
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Obese |
Having excess body fat. |
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Hydrostatic weighing |
Method of estimating body composition that compares weight on land to weight underwater. |
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Dual-energy X-Ray absorptiometry |
A method used to assess body composition by passing X-Ray beams through the body. |
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Bioelectrical impedance |
A method used to assess body composition based on measuring the body's electrical conductivity. |
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Skinfold caliper |
An instrument used to measure the thickness of subcutaneous fat. |
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Central obesity |
Accumulation of body fat within the abdominal cavity |
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Metabolic Syndrome |
Condition characterized by an unhealthy metabolic profile, abdominal body fat, and insulin resistance, that increases risk for developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. |
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Waist circumference |
A measure used as an indicator of central adiposity. |
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Physical Activity |
Bodily movement that uses skeletal muscle that results in a substantial increase in energy expenditure over resting energy expenditure. |
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Exercise |
Planned, structured activities done to improve or maintain physical fitness. |
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Ob/ ob mouse |
Obese mouse with mutations in genes that code for the hormone leptin. |
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ad/ ad mouse |
Obese mouse with mutations in genes that code for the leptin receptor |
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Ob gene |
The gene that codes for the protein leptin. |
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Leptin |
A hormone, produced mainly by adipose tissue, that helps regulate body weight. |
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ad gene |
The gene that codes for the leptin receptor. |
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Set point theory |
A theory suggesting that hormones regulate body weight by making adjustments in energy intake and energy expenditure. |
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Adiponectin |
A hormone secreted by adipose tissue that appears to be involved in energy homeostasis; also appears to promote insulin sensitivity and suppress inflammation. |
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Ketogenic diets |
Diets that stimulate ketone production. |