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223 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Mouth
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Opening through which food passes into the body; breaks into small particles by mastication (chewing) and mixing with saliva
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Tongue
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Consist mostly of skeletal muscle; attached in the posterior region of the mouth. It provides movement of food for mastication, direct's food to the pharynx for swallowing, and is a major organ for taste and speech.
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Palate
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Separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity
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Soft palate
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Posterior portion, not supported by bone
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Hard palate
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Anterior portion, supported by bone
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Uvula
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Soft V-shaped structure that extends from the soft palate; direct's food into the throat
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Pharynx,, throat
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Performs the swallowing action passes food from the mouth into the esophagus
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Esophagus
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10 inch (25 cm) to that is the passageway for food extending from the ferry next to the stomach. Peristalsis, involuntary wavelike movements that propels food along the digestive tract, begins in the esophagus.
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Stomach
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J– shaped sack that mixes and stores food. It secretes chemicals for digestion and hormones for local communication.
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Cardia
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Area around the opening of the esophagus
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Fundus
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Uppermost domed portion of the stomach
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Body
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Central portion of the stomach
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Antrum
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Lower portion of the stomach
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Pylorus
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Portion of the stomach that connects to the small intestine
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Pyloric sphincter
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Ring of muscle guards the opening between the stomach and duodenum
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Small intestine
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20 foot (6 m) canal extending from the pyloric sphincter to the large intestine. Digestion is completed in the small intestine. Absorption, the passage of nutrients (end products of digestion) from the small intestine to the bloodstream, takes place through the villi, fingerlike projections that line the walls of the small intestine.
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duodenum
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First 10 to 12 inches (25 cm) of the small intestine
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Jejunum
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Second portion of the small intestine, approximately 8 feet (2.4 m) long
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Ileum
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Third portion of the small intestine, approximately 11 feet (3.3 m) long, which connects with the large intestine
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Large intestine
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Canal that is approximately 5 feet (1.5 m) long and extends from the ileum to the anus. Absorption of water and elimination of solid waste products of digestion takes place in the large intestine.
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Cecum
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Blind U – shaped pouch that is the first portion of the large intestine
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Colon
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next portion of the large intestine. The colon is divided into four parts: ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon
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Rectum
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Remaining portion of the large intestine, approximately 8 to 10 inches (20 cm) long, extending from the sigmoid colon to the anus
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Anus
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Sphincter muscle (ringlike band of muscle fiber that keeps an opening tight) at the end of the digestive tract
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Salivary glands
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Produce saliva, which flows into the mouth
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Liver
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Produces bile, which is necessary for the digestion of fat. The liver performs many other functions concerned with digestion and metabolism
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Bile ducts
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Passageways that carry bile: the hepatic duct is a passageway for bile from the liver, and the cystic duct carries bile from the gallbladder. They join to form the common bile duct, which conveys bile to the duodenum. Collectively these passages are referred to as the biliary tract.
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Gallbladder
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Small, sac like structure that stores bile
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Pancreas
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Produces pancreatic juice, which helps digest all types of food and secretes insulin carbohydrate metabolism
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Peritoneum
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Serous saclike lining of the abdominal and pelvic cavities
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Abdomen
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Portion of the body between the thorax and the pelvis
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Appendix
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Small pouch, which has no known function in digestion, attached to the cecum (also called the vermiform appendix)
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an/o
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Anus
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antr/o
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Antrum
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cec/o
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Cecum
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col/o, colon/o
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Colon (Usually denoting the large intestine)
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duoden/o
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duodenum
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esophag/o
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Esophagus
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Gastr/o
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Stomach
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ile/o
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Ileum
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jejun/o
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jejunum
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or/o, stomat/o
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Mouth
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proct/o, rect/o
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rectum
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sigmoid/o
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Sigmoid colon
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abdomin/o, celi/o, lapar/o
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Abdomen (abdominal cavity)
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append/o, appendic/o
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appendix
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cheil/o
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lip
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cholangi/o
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bile duct
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chol/e
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gall, bile
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choledoch/o
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common bile duct
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diverticul/o
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diverticulum, or blind pouch, extending from a hollow organ
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gingiv/o
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gum
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gloss/o, lingu/o
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tongue
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hepat/o
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liver
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herni/o
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Hernia, or protrusion of an organ through a membrane or cavity wall
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palat/o
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palate
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Pancreat/o
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Pancreas
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peritone/o
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peritoneum
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polyp/o
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polyp, small growth
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pylor/o
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Pylorus, pyloric sphincter
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sial/o
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Saliva, salivary gland
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steat/o
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fat
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uvul/o
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Uvula
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hemi-
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half
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-pepsia
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digestion
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Appendicitis
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Inflammation of the appendix
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cholangioma
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Tumor of the bile duct
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Cholecystitis
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Inflammation of the gallbladder
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Choledocholithiasis
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Condition of stones in the common bile duct
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Cholelithiasis
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Condition of gallstones
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Diverticulitis
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Inflammation of the diverticulum
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Diverticulosis
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Abnormal condition of having diverticula
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Esophagitis
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Inflammation of the esophagus
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Gastritis
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Inflammation of the stomach
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Gastroenteritis
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Inflammation of the stomach and intestines
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gastroenterocolitis
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Inflammation of the stomach, intestines, and colon
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Gingivitis
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Inflammation of the gums
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Hepatitis
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Inflammation of the liver
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Hepatoma
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Tumor of the liver
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Palatitis
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Inflammation of the palate
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Pancreatitis
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Inflammation of the pancreas
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Peritonitis
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Inflammation of the peritoneum
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Polyposis
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Abnormal condition of (multiple) polyps (in the musous membrane of the intestine, especially in the colon; high potential for malignancy)
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proctoptosis
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Prolapse of the rectum
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Rectocele
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Protrusion of the rectum
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Sialolith
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Stone in the salivary gland
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Steatohepatitis
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Inflammation of the liver associated with (excess) fat; (often caused by alcohol and obesity; overtime may cause cirrhosis)
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Uvulitis
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Inflammation of the uvula
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Adhesion
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Abnormal growing together of two services that are normally separated. This may occur after abdominal surgery; surgical treatment is called adhesiolysis or adhesiotomy
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Anorexia nervosa
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Eating disorder characterized by prolonged refusal to eat, resulting in emaciation, amenorrhea in females, and abnormal fear of becoming obese. It occurs primarily and adolescents and young adults.
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Bulimia nervosa
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And eating disorder involving gorging with food, followed by inducing vomiting or laxative abuse (binging and purging)
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Celiac disease
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a malabsorption syndrome caused by an immune reaction to gluten (protein and wheat, rye, and barley), which may damage the lining of the small intestine that is responsible for absorption of food into the bloodstream. Celiac disease is considered a multisystem disorder with varying symptoms, including abnormal bloating and pain, chronic diarrhea or constipation, steatorrhea, vomiting, weight loss, fatigue, iron deficiency anemia, pruritic skin rash known as dermatitis herpetiformis (also called gluten enteropathy)
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Cirrhosis
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Chronic disease of the liver with gradual destruction of cells and formation of scar tissue; commonly caused by alcoholism and certain types of viral hepatitis
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Crohn's disease
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Chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract usually affecting the ileum and colon; characterized by cobblestone ulcerations and the formation of scar tissue that may lead to intestinal obstruction (also called regional ileitis or regional enteritis)
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Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
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The abnormal backward flow of the gastrointestinal contents into the esophagus, causing heartburn and gradual breakdown of the mucous barrier of the esophagus
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Hemochromatosis |
an iron metabolism disorder that occurs when too much iron is absorbed from food, resulting in excessive deposits of iron in the tissue; can cause congestive heart failure, diabetes, cirrhosis, or cancer of the liver |
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Hemorrhoids
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Swollen or distended vein in the rectal area, which may be internal or external, and can be a source of rectal bleeding
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Ileus
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Obstruction of the intestine, often caused by failure of peristalsis
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Intussusception
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Telescoping of a segment of the intestine
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Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
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Periodic disturbances about function, such as diarrhea and/or constipation, usually associated with abdominal pain
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Obesity
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Excess of body fat (not body weight)
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Peptic ulcer
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Eroded area of the mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenum associated with increased secretion of acid from the stomach, bacterial infection (H. Pylori), or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (often referred to as gastric or duodenal ulcer, depending on its location)
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Polyp
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Tumor like growth extending outward from the mucous membranes; usually benign; common sites are in the nose, throat, and intestines
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Ulcerative colitis
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Inflammation of the colon with the formation of ulcers. The main symptom bloody diarrhea. And ileostomy can be performed treat this condition.
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Volvulus
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Twisting or kinking of the intestine, causing intestinal obstruction
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Abdominocentesis
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Surgical puncture to remove fluid from the abdominal cavity (also called paracentesis)
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Abdominoplasty
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Surgical repair of the abdomen
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Anoplasty
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Surgical repair of the anus
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Antrectomy
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Excision of the antrum
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Appendectomy
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Excision of the appendix
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Celiotomy
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Incision into the abdominal cavity
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Cheilorrhaphy
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Suture of the lip
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Cholecystectomy
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Excision of the gallbladder
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Choledocholithotomy
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Incision into the common bile duct to remove a stone
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Colectomy
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Excision of the colon
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Colostomy
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Creation of an artificial opening into the colon (through the abdominal wall). (Used for the passage of stool. A colostomy, creates a mouth like opening on the abdominal wall, called a stoma, may be permanent or temporary; performed as treatment bowel obstruction, cancer, or diverticulitis.)
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Diverticulectomy
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Excision of a diverticulum
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Enterorrhaphy
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Suture of the intestine
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Esophagogastroplasty
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Surgical repair of the esophagus and the stomach
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Gastrectomy
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Excision of the stomach (or part of the stomach)
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Gastrojejunostomy
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The creation of an artificial opening between the stomach and the jejunum
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Gastroplasty
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Surgical repair of the stomach
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Gastrostomy
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Creation of an artificial opening into the stomach (through you don't want). (a tube is inserted through the opening for administration of food when swallowing isn't possible.)
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Gingivectomy
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Surgical removal of the gum (tissue)
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glossorrhaphy
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Suture of the tongue
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Hemicolectomy
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Excision of half of the colon
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Herniorrhaphy
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Suture of a hernia (for repair)
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Ileostomy
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Creation of an artificial opening into the ileum (through the abdominal wall creating a stoma, a mouth like opening on the abdominal wall). (Used the passage of stool. It is performed following a total proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, or cancer.)
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Laparotomy
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Incision into the abdominal cavity
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Palatoplasty
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Surgical repair of the palate
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Polypectomy
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Excision of a polyp
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Pyloromyotomy
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Incision into the pyloric muscle
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Pyloroplasty
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Surgical repair of the pylorus
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Uvulectomy
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Excision of the uvula
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Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP)
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Surgical repair of the uvula, palate, and pharynx (performed to correct obstructive sleep apnea)
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Abdominal resection (A & P resection)
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Removal of the distal colon and rectum through both abdominal and perineal approaches; performed to treat colorectal cancer and inflammatory diseases of the lower large intestine. The patient will have a colostomy.
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anastomosis
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An opening created by surgically joining two structures, such as blood vessels or bowel segments
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Bariatric surgery
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Surgical reduction of the gastric capacity to treat morbid obesity causing serious illness
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Hemorrhoidectomy
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Excision of hemorrhoids, the swollen or distended veins in the rectal region
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Vagotomy
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Cutting of certain branches of the Vegas nerve, performed with gastric surgery to reduce the amount of gastric acid produced and thus reduce the recurrence of ulcers
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Cholangiogram
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Radiographic images of the bile ducts
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Cholangiography
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Radiographic imaging of the bile ducts (after administration of contrast media to outline the ducts)
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CT colonography
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Radiographic imaging of the colon (using a CT scanner and software)
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Esophagogram
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Radiographic image of the esophagus. (Barium is used as contrast media; also called esophagram or barium swallow)
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Colonoscope
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Instrument used for visual examination of the colon
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Colonoscopy
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Visual examination of the colon
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Endoscope
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Instrument used for visual examination within a hollow organ
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Endoscopy
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Visual examination within a hollow organ
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Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
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Visual examination of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum
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Esophagoscopy
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Visual examination of the esophagus
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Gastroscope
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Instrument used for visual examination of the stomach
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Gastroscopy
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Visual examination of the stomach
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Laparoscope
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Instrument used for visual examination of the abdominal cavity. (Also used to perform laparoscopic surgery, a method that sometimes replaces laparotomy, open abdominal incision surgery.)
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Laparoscopy
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Visual examination of the abdominal cavity
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Proctoscope
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Instrument used for visual examination of the rectum
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Proctoscopy
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Visual examination of the rectum
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Sigmoidoscopy
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Visual examination of the sigmoid colon
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Abdominal ultrasonography
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Process of recording images of internal organs using high-frequency sound waves produced by a transducer placed directly on the skin covering abdominal cavity. Images may be viewed on monitor and/or recorded for later use. The size and structure of organs such as the aorta, liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, and the pancreas to be visualized. Liver cysts, abscesses, tumors, cholelithiasis, pancreatitis, and pancreatic tumors may be detected. May also be used to evaluate the kidneys and portions of the aorta extending through the abdominal cavity.
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Barium enema (BE)
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Series of radiographic images taken of the large intestine after the contrast agent barium has been administered rectally (also called lower G.I. series)
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Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
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Radiographic examination of the biliary ducts and pancreatic ducts with contrast media, fluoroscopy, and endoscopy; used to evaluate and diagnose obstructions, strictures, stone diseases, pancreatitis, and pancreatic cancer.
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Upper G.I. (gastrointestinal) series
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Series of radiographic images taken of the stomach and duodenum after the contrast agent barium been swallowed
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Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)
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Procedure using an endoscope with an ultrasound probe that provides images of layers of the intestinal wall; used to detect tumors and cystic growth for staging of malignant tumors.
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Fecal occult blood test (FOBT)
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a test to detect occult blood in feces. It is used to screen for colon cancer of polyps. Occult blood refers to blood that is present but can only be detected by chemical testing (also called guaiac test).
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Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) antibodies test
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The test to determine the presence of H. pylori bacteria. Bacteria can be found in the lining of the stomach and can cause peptic ulcers. Tests for H. pylori are also performed on biopsy specimens and by breath test.
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Abdominal
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Pertaining to the abdomen
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Anal
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Pertaining to the anus
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Aphagia
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Without swallowing (the inability to)
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Celiac
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Pertaining to the abdomen
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Colorectal
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Pertaining to the colon and rectum
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duodenal
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Pertaining to the duodenum
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Dyspepsia
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Difficult digestion (often used to describe G.I. symptoms, such as abdominal pain and bloating)
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Dysphagia
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Difficulty swallowing
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Enteropathy
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Disease of the intestine
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Esophageal
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Pertaining to the esophagus
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Gastric
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Pertaining to stomach
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Gastroenterologist
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A physician who studies and treat diseases of stomach and intestines (G.I. tract and accessory organs)
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Gastroenterology
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Study the stomach and intestines (of branch medicine deals with the treating diseases of the G.I. tract and accessory organs)
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Gastromalacia
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softening of the stomach
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Glossopathy
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Disease of the tongue
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Ileocecal
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Pertaining to the ileum and cecum
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Nasogastric
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Pertaining to the nose and stomach
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Oral
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Pertaining to the mouth
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Pancreatic
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Pertaining to the pancreas
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Peritoneal
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Pertaining to the peritoneum
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Proctologist
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Physician who studies and treats diseases of the rectum
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Proctology
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Study of the rectum (a branch of medicine that deals with disorders of the rectum and anus)
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Rectal
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Pertaining to the rectum
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Steatorrhea
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Discharge of fat (excessive amount of fat in the stool, causing frothy, foul-smelling fecal matter usually associated with Malabsorption of fat in conditions such as chronic pancreatitis or celiac disease)
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Steatosis
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Abdominal condition of fat (increasing fat the cellular level often affecting the liver)
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Stomatitis
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Inflammation of the mouth (mucous membrane)
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Stomatogastric
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Pertaining to the mouth and stomach
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Sublingual
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Pertaining to under the tongue
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ascites
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Abnormal collection of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
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Diarrhea
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Frequent discharge of liquid stool
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Dysentery
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Disorder that involves inflammation of the intestine (usually the large intestine) associated with diarrhea and abdominal pain
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emesis
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Expelling matter from the stomach through the mouth (also called vomiting)
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Feces
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Waste from the digestive tract expelled through the rectum (also called stool or fecal matter)
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Flatus
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Gas in the digestive tract or expelled through the anus
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Gastric lavage
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Washing out of the stomach
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gavage
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Process of feeding a person through a nasogastric tube
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Hematemesis
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Vomiting blood
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Hematochezia
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Passage of bloody feces
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Malabsorption
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Impaired digestion or intestinal absorption of nutrients
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Melena
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Black, tarry stool that contains digestive blood; usually as a result bleeding in the upper G.I. tract
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Nausea
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Urge to vomit
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Peristalsis
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Involuntary wavelike contractions that propel food along the digestive tract
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Reflux
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Abnormal backward flow. In esophageal reflux, the stomach contents flow back into the esophagus.
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Stoma
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Surgical opening between an organ and the surface of the body, such as the opening established in the abdominal wall by a colostomy, ileostomy, or similar operation. Stoma may also referred to an opening created between body structures or between portions of the intestines.
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Vomiting
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Expelling matter from the stomach through the mouth (Also called emesis)
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A & P resection
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Abdominoperineal resection
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BE
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Barium enema
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EGD
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Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
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ERCP
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Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
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EUS
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Endoscopic ultrasound
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FOBT
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Fecal occult blood test
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GERD
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Gastroesophageal reflux disease
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G.I.
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Gastrointestinal
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H. pylori
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Helicobacter pylori
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IBS
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Irritable bowel syndrome
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N & V
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Nausea and vomiting
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PEG
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Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy
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UGI
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Upper gastrointestinal
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UPPP
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Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty
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