Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
height changes |
gain 2-3 inches per year |
|
weight changes |
gain 4-6 pounds per year; become slender and shed baby fat |
|
brain development |
2 years = 75% of its adult weight 5 years = 90% of its adult weight |
|
right-handed individuals |
left hemisphere is relatively more involved in intellectual undertakings that require logical analysis and problem-solving, language, and computation |
|
right hemisphere |
superior in visual-spatial functions, aesthetic and emotional responses, and understanding metaphors |
|
corpus callosum |
thick bundle of nerve fibers that connect the left and right hemispheres of the brain |
|
plasticity |
tendency of new parts of the brain to take up the functions of injured parts |
|
gross motor skills |
skills employing the large muscles used in locomotion |
|
gross motor development |
3 years = balance on one foot 3 or 4 years = walk up stairs by placing a foot on each step 4 or 5 = skip and pedal a tricycle |
|
rough-and-tumble play |
running, chasing, fleeing, wrestling, hitting with an open hand, laughing, and making faces |
|
fine motor skills |
skills employing the small muscles used in manipulation, such as those in the fingers |
|
4 stages of artistic development |
placement, shape, design, pictorial |
|
design stage |
combine shapes |
|
pictorial stage |
designs begin to resemble recognizable objects |
|
nutrition |
1-3 years = 1,000-1,300 calories 4-6 years = 1,400 calories |
|
minor illnesses |
1-3 years = 8-9 illnesses 4-10 years = 4-6 illnesses |
|
major illnesses |
1/3 of children under 18 suffer from a chronic illness |
|
sleep |
preschoolers = 11-13 hours |
|
sleep terrors |
frightening dreamlike experiences that occur during the deepest stage of non-REM sleep, shortly after the child has gone to sleep |
|
sonambulism |
sleep walking |
|
enuresis |
failure to control the bladder once the normal age for control has been reached |
|
bed-wetting |
failure to control the bladder during the night |
|
encopresis |
failure to control the bowels once the normal age for bowel control has been reached. also called soiling |
|
preoperational stage |
second stage in Piaget's scheme, characterized by inflexible and irreversible mental manipulation of symbols |
|
symbolic play |
play in which children make believe that objets and toys are other than what they are (pretend play) |
|
egocentrism |
putting oneself at the center of things such that one is unable to perceive the world from another person's point of view |
|
precausal |
type of thought in which natural cause-and-effect relationships are attributed to will and other preoperational concepts |
|
transductive reasoning |
reasoning from the specific to the specific |
|
animism |
attribution of life and intentionality to inanimate objects |
|
artificialism |
belief that environmental features were made by people |
|
conservation |
principle that properties of substances remain the same when superficial characteristics are changed |
|
centration |
focusing on an aspect or characteristic of a situation or problem |
|
class inclusion |
categorizing a new object or concept as belonging to a broader group of objects or concepts |
|
scaffolding |
Vygotsky's term for temporary cognitive structures or methods of solving problems that help the child as he or she learns to function independently |
|
zone of proximal development (ZPD) |
Vygotsky's term for the situation in which a child carries out tasks with the help of someone who is more skilled, frequently an adult who represents the culture in which the child develops |
|
theory of mind |
commonsense understanding of how the mind works |
|
appearance-reality distinction |
difference between real events and mental fantasies |
|
scripts |
abstract, generalized accounts of familiar repeated events |
|
autobiographical memory |
memory of specific episodes or events |
|
rehearsal |
repetition |
|
fast mapping |
process of quickly determining a word's meaning, which facilitates children's vocabulary development |
|
whole-object assumption |
assumption that words refer to whole objects and not to their component parts or characteristics |
|
contrast assumption |
assumption that objects have only one label |
|
overregularization |
application of regular grammatical rules for forming infections to irregular verbs and nouns |
|
pragmatics |
practical aspects of communication, such as adaptation of language to fit the social situation |
|
inner speech |
Vygotsky's concept of the ultimate binding of language and thought; originates in vocalizations that may regular child's behavior and become internalized by age 6 or 7 |