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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
• Cognition
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the mental activities involved in acquiring, retaining, and using knowledge
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• Thinking
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the manipulation of mental representations of information in order to draw inferences and conclusions. Often directed toward some goal, purpose or conclusion
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• Mental image
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a mental representation of objects or events that are not physically present
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• Concept
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mental category we have formed to group objects, events, or situations that share similar features or characteristics. Based on properties they share.
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• Natural concept
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concept formed as a result of everyday experience; rather than by logically determining whether an object or event fits a specific set of rules
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• Formal concept
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a mental category that is formed by learning the rules or features that define the particular concept
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• Prototype
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the most typical instance of a particular concept; the “best”
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• Exemplars
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individual instances of a concept or category, held in memory
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• Problem solving
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thinking and behavior directed toward attaining a goal that is not readily available
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• Trial and error
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a problem solving strategy that involves attempting different solutions and eliminating those that do not work
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• Algorithm
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a problem solving strategy that involves following a specific rule, procedure, or method that inevitably produces the correct solution. Ex) mathematical formulas
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• Heuristic
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a problem solving strategy that involves following a general rule of thumb to reduce the number of possible solutions; may or may not work; tend to simplify problem solving
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• Insight
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the sudden realization of how a problem can be solved; sometimes happens when you recognize a problem is similar to another one
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• Intuition
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coming to a conclusion or making a judgment without conscious awareness of the thought processes involved
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• Functional fixedness
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the tendency to view objects as functioning only in their usual or customary way; often prevents us from seeing the full range of ways in which an object can be used
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• Mental set
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the tendency to persist in solving problems with solutions that have worked in the past; approach a problem with a rigid mental set, we may not see other possible solutions
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• Availability heuristic
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a strategy in which the likelihood of an event is estimated on the basis of how readily available other instances of the even are in memory;
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• Representativeness heuristic
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a strategy in which the likelihood of an event is estimated by comparing how similar it is to the prototype of the event; often used to make estimates
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Prototype
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the most typical example of a n object or an event
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• Linguistic relativity hypothesis
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the hypothesis that differences among languages cause differences in the thoughts of their speakers
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• Animal cognition
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the study of animal learning, memory thinking, and language; also called comparative cognitive
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• Intelligence
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the global capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, and deal effectively with the environment
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• Mental age
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a measurement of intelligence in which an individual’s mental level is expressed in terms of the average abilities of a given age group
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• Intelligence quotient (IQ)
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a measure of general intelligence derived by comparing an individual’s score with the scores of others in the same group; Stanford-Binet test
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• Achievement test
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a test designed to measure a persons level of knowledge, skill, or accomplishment in a particular area such as mathematics or a foreign language
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• Aptitude test
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a test designed to assess a persons capacity to benefit from education or training; the overall goal is to predict your ability to learn certain types of information or perform certain skills
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• Standardization
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the administration of a test to a large, representative sample of people under uniform conditions for the purpose of establishing norms
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• Normal curve or normal distribution
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a bell shaped distribution of individual differences in a normal population in which most scores cluster around the average scores.
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• Reliability
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the ability of a test to produce consistent results when administered on repeated occasions under similar conditions; two similar but not identical versions of the test at different times.
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• Validity
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the ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure; if designed to measure mechanical aptitude, people who score high should prove to be successful in mechanical jobs.
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• G factor or general intelligence
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the notion of a general intelligence factor that is responsible for a person’s overall performance on tests of mental ability; described as a single measure of general cognitive ability
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• Autism
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most severe behavioral syndrome. Differences in brain functioning and sensory responses, impaired social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication skills, repetitive or odd motor behaviors, restricted interest and routines.
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• Asperger’s syndrome
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varying degrees of difficulty in social and conversational skills but normal to above average intelligence and language development; accompanied with obsessive preoccupation with particular topics or routines
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• Mental retardation
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functioning significantly below average, usually defined as a measured IQ of 70 or below caused by brain injury, disease, or a genetic disorder
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• Triarchic theory of intelligence
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sternbergs theory that there are three distinct forms of intelligence; analytic, creative, and practical; emphasizes both the universals aspects of intelligent behavior and the importance of adapting to a particular social and cultural environment.
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• Heritability
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the percentage of variation within a given population that is due to heredity
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• Stereotype threat
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psychological predicament in which fear that you will be evaluated in terms of a negative stereotype about a group to which you belong creates anxiety and self-doubt, lowering performance in a particular domain that is important to you
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