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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is anemia?
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decrease in oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood
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Are anemias caused ONLY because of a decrease in the # of RBCs?
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No, anemias can also be caused by a decrease in the amount or quality of Hb in the RBCs
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What are the 2 things that classify anemias?
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size, Hb content
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What is a clinical manifestation that can be caused due to anemias?
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hypoxia
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What does macrocytic normochromic anemia (megaloblastic) mean?
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RBCs that are large and have normal Hb content
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What causes megaloblastic anemias?
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stem cells in bone marrow are unusually large so they produce RBCs that have defective DNA which delays cell division so the RBC gets large
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What are the 2 megaloblastic anemias?
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pernicious anemia, folate deficiency anemia
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What is pernicious anemia caused by?
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deficiency in intrinsic factor (IF)
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What is intrinsic factor important in?
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absorption of vitamin B-12
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What is B-12 important for in RBC precursors?
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DNA synthesis
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What are the 3 causes of IF deficiency?
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gastric damage/disease, congenital, aging
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What is folate necessary for?
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DNA synthesis in RBC precursors
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Who are the 3 most common groups of people with folate deficiencies?
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malnourished people, chronic alcoholics, elderly
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What does microcytic hypochromic anemia mean?
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small RBCs, below normal Hb content
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What deficiency is seen in microcytic hypochromic anemia?
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iron
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What are the common causes of iron-deficient anemia?
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nutritional iron deficiency, pregnancy, chronic blood loss
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What does the iron-deficiency symptom koilonnychia entail?
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brittle, spoon-shaped fingernails
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What is glossitis?
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painful, swollen, red tongue
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What are the types of anemias called where the size of the RBCs is normal and so is the Hb content?
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normocytic normochromic anemias
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What is the problem with normocytic normochromic anemias?
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insufficient # of RBCs
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What anemia occurs when RBCs are not formed in the bone marrow?What is it caused by?
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aplastic anemia; chemicals that damage bone marrow
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What is hemolytic anemia?
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RBCs are made normally but destructed once they reach blood vessels
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What are the 3 causes of hemolytic anemia?
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Type II HS, drug-induced, autoimmune diseases
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What anemia is caused by acute blood loss with otherwise normal iron stores?
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posthemorrhagic anemia
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What is sickle cell anemia?
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when there is a genetic mutation in the Hb gene causing it to polymerize and change shape
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What is polycythemia?
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excessive production of RBCs
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What hormone is secreted to cause polycythemia?
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EPO
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Why is EPO secreted?
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due to hypoxia
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What is the difference between hypoxia and anemia?
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hypoxia is due to insufficient oxygen supply, anemia is due to decreased oxygen-carrying capacity; anemia can cause hypoxia
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What type of polycythemia does dehydration cause?
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relative polycythemia
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How does dehydration cause relative polycythemia?
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dehydration causes a decrease in blood volume which means an increase in relative RBC # so there are more RBCs trying to get the same molecule of oxygen, therefore causing a decrease in oxygen-carrying capacity
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What do the suffixes “-philia” and “-cytosis” mean?
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count is higher than normal
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What does the suffix “-penia” mean?
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count is lower than normal
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leukocytosis
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higher than normal WBC #
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neutropenia
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lower than normal neutrophil #
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eosinophilia
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higher than normal eosinophil #
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What is lymphadenopathy?
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enlarged lymph nodes that are palpable and tender
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If lymph nodes near site of infection are enlarged what is it called? If nodes away from site are enlarged?
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localized; generalized
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What can cause generalized lymphadenopathy?
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some types of cancers
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What is an enlarged spleen called?
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splenomegaly
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What 3 disorders can cause splenomegaly?
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infection, liver disorders, anemias (hemolytic & sickle cell)
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What is hypersplenism?
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when the spleen is enlarged and hyperactive
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What is a decrease in # of platelets called?
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thrombocytopenia
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What are 3 causes of thrombocytopenia?
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agents that damage bone marrow, autoimmune diseases, adverse respons to Heparin
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What does heparin do to platelets to cause a decrease in the # of platelets circulating the bloodstream?
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heparin causes the platelets to aggregate and form many small clots throughout body
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What is a drug that decreases blood clotting?
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aspirin, warfarin
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What are 2 medical conditions that affect blood clotting?
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Vitamin K deficiency, hemophilia
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Why is Vitamin K important in clotting?
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it is necessary for synthesis of clotting factors
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What is hemophilia?
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congenital deficiency in certain clotting factors
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What is disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?
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widespread activation of clotting throughout the body
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What are some of the main causes of DIC?
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burns, multiple-trauma, shock
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What is the pathophysiology of DIC?
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endothelium is damaged and inflammation begins > tissue factor (TF) is exposed > TF activates clotting factor cascade > clots form throughout body and platelet supply has diminished > hemorrhaging occurs due to lack of platelets to form clots
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What are the 3 cancers of WBCs?
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leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma
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Where is leukemia found?
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free floating in the blood
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How is lymphoma discovered?
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a lymphocyte is found that is usually solid
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What are the 2 categories of lymphomas?
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Hodgkin lymphoma (B-cell tumor); non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B, T, or NK cell tumors)
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What causes multiple myeloma?
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B-cell tumor forms in bone marrow
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