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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Key difference between endocrine and nervous system in regards to homeostasis?
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Endocrine - long term maintenance
Nervous - short term |
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Direct Communication occurs between _______, is ____ and very ____ and entails the exchange of ions and molecules through ______.
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two cells of the same type
highly specialized and very rare gap junctions |
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Paracrine Communication is the most ________ form of intercellular communication, from cell to cell, with the same ____ and uses ______ signals.
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common
tissue chemical |
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Endocrine communication releases ______ into the ______ and alters the ______ activities of many _________ simultaneously
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hormones
blood stream tissues and organs |
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Synaptic communication is neurotransmitter communication between a _____ and a ______.
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neuron
effector (neuron, muscle, gland) |
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The hypothalamus produces:
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ADH, OXT and regulatory hormones
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The pituitary produces:
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ACTH, TSH, GH, PRL, FSH, LH and MSH
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Thyroid gland produces:
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thyroxine, triiodothyronine, calcitonin
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Suprarenal medulla produces:
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epinephrine, norepinephrine
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Suprarenal cortex produces:
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cortisol, corticosterone, aldosterone, androgens
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Pineal gland produces:
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melatonin
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Parathyroid gland produces:
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parathyroid hormone
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Heart produces:
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atrial natriuretic hormone
brain natriuretic hormone (reduces blood pressure by acting as a vasodilator, secretion of sodium via urine, reduces blood volume) |
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Kidney produces:
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erythropoetin
calcitriol |
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Adipose tissues produces:
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leptin
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Hormones can be divided into these three groups
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amino acid derivatives, peptide hormones, lipid derivatives
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Which ones circulate freely?
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peptide hormones
(PEPpy people like to run around around freely) |
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Which ones bind to transport proteins?
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Lipid derivatives
(because fatties like to ride the bus--lipids on transport proteins) |
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Examples of amino acid derivatives:
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tyrosine, thyroid hormones, catecholamines (E, NE, D)
tryptophan (melatonin, serotonin) |
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Peptide hormones are made up of:
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glycoproteins, short polypeptides, proteins
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Longest peptide hormone?
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Glycoproteins (>200 aminos long))
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Glycoproteins include ______ and the gonadotropins ______ and ____
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TSH
LH FSH |
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Short polypeptides include _____ and ______
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ADH
OXT |
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Proteins include _____ and ____
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GH
PRL |
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Peptide hormones are the most diverse. T or F?
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T
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Lipid derivates include:
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steroid hormones
eicosanoids |
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Steroid hormones include _______, ________ and ______.
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Sex hormones
corticosteroids calcitriol |
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Eicosanoids are ______ factors that affect _____ and _____ processes.
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paracrine
cellular factors and enzygmatic processes |
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Examples of eicosanoids:
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prostaglandins, leukotrienes
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Membrane acting hormones include:
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Catecholamines, peptide hormones, eicosanoids
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Nuclear hormones include
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thyroid hormones and steroid hormones
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Plasma membrane hormones are not ______ - soluble, obviously
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lipid
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Membrane hormones act _____ and via ______ messengers
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indirectly
second |
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Eiconosanoids are lipid-soluble. Where do they bind?
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The inner surface of the plasma membrane.
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G protein
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link between first messenger and second messenger; uses GTP
Rx tend to target these receptors |
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anterior lobe of pituitary
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adenohypophysis
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posterior lobe of pituitary
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neurohypophysis
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What is the median eminence?
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Swelling near attachment of the infundibulum. This is where the hypothalamic neurons release regulatory factors.
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Pancreatic Islets
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Islets of Langerhans
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Alpha cells of pancreas
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glucagon
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Beta cells of pancreas
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insulin
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Delta cells of pancreas
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peptide hormone identical to GH-IH
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F cells of pancreas
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pancreatic polypeptide
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Hormone associated with following places of adrenal cortex:
zona glomerulosa zona fasciculata zona reticularis |
-(mineralocorticoids) aldosterone,
-(glucocorticoids) hydrocortisone, cortisol, corticosterone -androgens |
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What does aldosterone does?
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-Targets the kidneys
-Sodium retention, potassium loss -Stimulated by angiotensin II, elevated plasma potassium or loss of plasma sodium |
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What do the glucocorticoids do?
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-amino acid secretion from skeletal muscle, lipid secretion from adipose tissue
-liver formation of glucose and glucagon -anti-inflammatory effects -peripheral utilization of lipids |
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What do androgens do here?
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Important for muscular growth, bone growth and hemogenesis in women and children
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Medulla secretes what?
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catecholamines (increase cardiac activity, blood pressure, glycogen breakdown, blood glucose levels; releases lipids by adipose tissue)
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What is the stimulating hormone for the zona fasciculata and the zona reticularis?
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ACTH
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Where does ACTH come from?
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The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
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Which catecholamine accounts for 75 to 80% of medulla secretion
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epinephrine
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What does the suprarenal cortex store?
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lipids
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Two key parts of thyroid gland?
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C cells
Follicular epithelium |
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The follicular epithelium produces what two hormones?
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Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyrodine (T3) |
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Which hormone stimulates the follicular epithelium?
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TSH, duh. From the ant. pit.
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C Cells release _____
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calcitonin
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Calcitonin does what?
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Reduce blood concentrations of Ca 2+
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Parathyroid glands release PTH, which....
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Increases blood concentrations of Ca2+
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Four effects of PTH
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1. Stimulates osteoclasts
2. Inhibits osteoblasts 3. Reduces urinary loss (via reabsorptions of Ca) 4. Facilitates calcitriol production at kidneys |
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Which of the thyroid hormones is the active hormone?
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T3
Triiodothyronine |
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What is the main purpose of glucagon?
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To mobilize energy reserves
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How does glucagon mobilize energy reserves?
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1. Lipolysis
2. Glycogenolysis 3. Gluconeogenesis |
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Basophil
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Non-phagocytic
Induce inflammation through heparin and histamines Less than 1% Non-Specific Defense |
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Eosinophil
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Primary - secrete toxic compounds
Secondary - phagocytic Attack parasites and bacteria Counteract inflammatory affects |
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Neutrophils
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Most common
Phagocytic First to arrive at infection site Release leukotrienes, defensins, and prostaglandins |
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leukotriene
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attract phagocytes
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prostaglandins
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induce inflammation
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Monocyte
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phagocytic
macrophage attracts fibroblasts to promote scar formation activates lymphocytes |
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lymphocytes
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specific immune response
20-30# bidirectional T Cells B Cells NK Cells |
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T Cell
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cell-mediated immunity
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B Cells
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humoral immunity (secrete antibodies while in plasma)
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NK cells
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cancer destroyer
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