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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Affordances
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Action possibilities of the environment and task in relation to the perceiver’s own capabilities
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Attractor states
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Preferred state of stability or pattern toward which a system spontaneously shifts
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closed loop systems
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Mode of control in which feedback aids error detection and correction
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Closed skill
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Skills performed in stable predictable environment where the performer controls the performance situation because the object being acted on or the context in which the skill is performed does not change – examples: bowling, chopping wood, free throw
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Constraints
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A boundary that has a bearing on the movement capabilities of an individual
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Coordination
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The process of organizing a system’s available degrees of freedom into an efficient movement pattern that will effectively achieve a goal
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Deep attractor states
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Attractors function like basins in which observable behaviors pool. Depth indicates stability. These basins are characteristic of stable systems that are difficult to change
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Degrees of freedom
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Independent elements (human anatomical structure) that allow numerous movement possibilities; The human body’s numerous independent elements that produce abundant action possibilities; The number of independent elements in a system and the ways each element can act
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Degrees of freedom problem
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Problem of how we coordinate and control the available degrees of freedom to produce a particular movement
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Direct perception
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Process by which meaning is attached to sensory information. The form of perception used by the Ecological approach which views the relationship between perception and action as circular and that a direct relationship exists between the two.
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Dynamic systems theory
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A command center could not account for all variations and adjustments in skilled movement; Movement results from interaction of body, environment, and the skill; Describes and explains coordinated movement by emphasizing the role of information in the environment and mechanical properties of the body and limbs
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Event anticipation
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Prediction of what event will occur
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External attentional focus
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Focusing attention on the effects of one’s actions
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Fine motor skills
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A motor skill involving very precise movements normally accomplished using smaller musculature (fingers, toes)
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Fractionating reaction time
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Part practice technique in which skill components that are normally performed simultaneously are partitioned and practiced independently
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Freezing the degrees of freedom
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Strategy in which a learner fixes (freezes) the movement possibilities of a joint, causing the limbs to function as a single unit or segment in order to accomplish the goal of a task
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Functional movement pattern
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A movement pattern that will accomplish a specific task goal
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Gentile’s Taxonomy
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A taxonomy developed to understand the multi-dimensional demands a task places on a performer that categorizes skills into two general characteristic (conditions & action requirements)
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Gross motor skills
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A motor skill that places less emphasis on precision and is typically the result of multi-limb movements
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Hicks Law
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describes the time it takes for a person to make a decision as a result of the possible choices he or she has: increasing the number of choices will increase the decision time logarithmically; The higher degree of uncertainty in a given situation, the longer the time needed to decide which response to make; choice RT is logarithmically related to the number of response choice alternatives
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Indirect perception
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Process by which meaning is attached to sensory information. The form of perception used by the Information Processing Model and is considered indirect because the perception has to be processed and decided upon before the action is executed
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Internal attentional focus
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Focus attention on one’s own body movements
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Invariant features
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An element that is part of the generalized Motor Program - - thought to be relatively fixed from trial to trial; Three features:Sequence of actions or components, Relative timing, Relative force; Define the motor program
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Learning
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A relatively permanent change in a person’s ability to execute a motor skill as a result of practice or experience
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Motor ability
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Genetic traits that are prerequisite for skilled performance. The degree to which learners could potential develop proficiency in a particular motor skill depends on whether they possess the necessary underlying abilities
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Motor performance
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The act of executing a skill – includes Movement proficiency & consistency
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Motor program theory
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Command center in the brain thought to make all decisions regarding movement; A memory-based mechanism that controls coordinated movement
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Motor schema
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Abstract representation of a rule or relationship that directs decision making by assigning appropriate parameter values; Develops as result of accumulated experiences; Each movement attempt gives the learner information to guide future attempts
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Motor skill Defined
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Performed to achieve an objective; goal oriented; Require voluntary body and/or limb movements; Developed as a result of practice, and must be learned or relearned
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Motor time
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Related to fractionating RT; is the Beginning of muscle activity (EMG) and the Beginning of the movement
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Movement time
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Interval of time between the initiation of a movement and its completion
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Open skill
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Skill performed in an unpredictable ever changing environment. Performer will not be aware of what movement type is required until moments before making it. Example: fielding a groundball.
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Open loop systems
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A mode of control whereby an action plan is generated that contains all of the information necessary to complete a response
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Parameters
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An element that is part of the generalized Motor Program – they are more flexible and define the program’s execution to fit the specific situation
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Perception
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Process by which meaning is attached to information
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Perceptual motor skills
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One of two of Fleishman’s taxonomy categories. Includes precision, coordination, dexterity; Identified underlying motor abilities that are predictive of high skill proficiency levels
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Precues
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Opponent’s or Players cues, idiosyncrasies, and tendencies that can be anticipated and predict events allowing for advanced preparation and better RT – clues in the environment that can assist a performer in anticipating.
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Premotor time
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Related to fractionating RT; is when Stimulus is presented; Beginning of muscle activity (EMG)
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Reaction time
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Interval of time between the moment when a stimulus is presented an when a response is initiated
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Regulatory conditions
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Environmental factors that specify the movement characteristics necessary to perform a skill successfully
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Response time
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Time interval from the moment when a stimulus is presented to when the response is completed. (combination of RT and MT)
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Self-organization
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Spontaneous emergence of a movement pattern as a result of the interaction of everchanging organismic, environmental, and task contraints placed on the learner
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Serial skills
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A motor skill that is composed of a number of discrete skills whose integrated performance is crucial for goal achievement.
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Shallow attractor states
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Attractors function like basins in which observable behaviors pool. Depth indicates stability. These basins are characteristic of less stable systems and are susceptible to change
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Stimulus-response compatibility
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The extent to which a stimulus and its required response are naturally related
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Yerkes Dodson Law
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Related to the Inverted U principle of arousal. That a persons performance will increase with arousal but will then decrease as arousal continues to remain high. Optimal performance is achieved with moderate arousal. Attentional focus narrows as arousal approaches optimal levels:Zone of optimal functioning, Perceptual narrowing
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What factors influence attentional demands?
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Environmental complexity & Task complexity; Performer’s skill level; Number of cues:Few in number, Congruent feedback; Selective attention - Three rules influence how people allocate attention resources: Enduring dispositions, Meaningfulness of the event (a.k.a. cocktail party phenomenon), Momentary intentions/focused attention
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How is Gentile’s taxonomy used?
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Analyze skills; Develop progressions/lessons; Track Progress; Evaluate learner’s capabilities; Set goals
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How would attentional focus change with different skill, learner, and environmental requirements?
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learners should focus on Their own body’s movements (internal attentional focus), or The effects of their movements (external focus); An external focus of attention enhances learning and performance - This may not hold for all skills and with novice learners. More research is indicated.
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Motor learning
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The study of the processes involved in acquiring and refining motor skills; The study of the variables that promote or inhibit that acquisition of motor skills
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Motor Development
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How motor skills develop, and the process of motor development from birth to death (womb to tomb).
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Motor control
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The neural, physical, and behavioral aspects that underlie human movement
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Motor Behavior
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The umbrella term for the three fields of study of Motor Learning, Control & Development
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Discrete skills:
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Beginning and end points are clearly defined eg: Flicking a light switch, Throwing or Kicking a ball
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Continuous skills:
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Beginning/end points are arbitrary; repetitive in nature eg: Swimming, Running
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Serial skills:
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Collective sequences of multiple discrete skills eg: Starting your car
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