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158 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Water moves passively by ________?
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Osmosis
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Water has to move through special protein pores called ______?
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aquaporins
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Lipids are not charged or polar and will be pushed together by ____ molecules that prefer to interact with one another.
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H20
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Formation of lipid bilayers or lipid droplets is _______?
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passive
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H20 causes the lipids to push out of the way so it can interact with itself and the water causes the ________ and does this without _______ input due to ______ need to make bonds
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bilayer
energy H20's |
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__________ will bind to the ends of what is broken apart to stabilize
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Water
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This is the name of the process wehre water can ionize into a proton (H+) and Hydroxyl ( OH-) group which can be used by enzymes to break bonds between other molecules
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Hydrolysis)
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Water is polar and can form _______ bonds with other charged and polar molecules to keep them in solution to keep them solvent.
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Hydrogen
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ph ranges from 0 to 14 and when the number of H+ and OH- are equal the pH = ________
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7
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The pH reflects the concentration of ____ and _____ in solution
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H+ and OH-
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changes in pH alter the protein ______
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functions
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Altering of protein functions due to changes in pH can cause them to _______ and ______
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denature and unfold
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High H+ concentration = _______pH concentration
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low pH
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Low H+ concentration = ______ pH concentration
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high
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______ _____ bind and release H+ and each has a different pKA
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amino acids
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pKA is the pH at which protein is ____ % saturated with H+ ions
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50 %
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As the pH changes these amino acids bind and release ____ and this helps to maintain normal ____ structure and function
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H+
3D |
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Plasma membrane is__________ permeable
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selectively
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All cells are permeable to ______+
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K+
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Ions align to maintain ______ charge and concentration
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NEUTRAL
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The _______ of ________ _________ is that the number of negative and positive charges in a region must be equal separation of charged molecules and this sets up a ________ ________
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Principle of electrical neutrality
voltage gradient |
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The voltage gradient set up between two compartments equals _____ _______ ___________
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Resting Membrane Potential.
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The transmembrane are in contact with both ________ and _____ fluids.
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intracellular and extracellular
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This is where they can transport charged polar molecules_____ and ____ of the cells
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into and out
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The _______ of amino acids of membrane proteins determine the way they are arranged in the membrane
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structure
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The non polar inhabit the middle of the membrane because they are _______
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hydrophobic ( afraid of water)
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The charged and polar amino acids stick out into the _______ _______ or associate with polar lipid head groups
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aqueous fluid
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Membrane proteins are involved in ________ of specific molecules into and out of cells
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transport
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Membrane protiens function as enzymes or respond to _____signals
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external
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Some membrane proteins serve as _______ links that connect the plasma membrane to adjacent cells. `
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stuctural
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The ____ ______ protects internal cell contents from external environment
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plasma membrane
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The ____ _____ transports nutrients and waste products
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plasma membrane
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The plasma membrane is composed of a _____ bilayer
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lipid
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polar is the ____ and outer parts of the bilayer
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inner
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Non polar consists of the _____ and is the tails
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middle
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The plasma membrane generates ____ _______
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membrane potentials
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Plasma membrane provides _____ recognition, communication and _____ regulation
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cell
growth |
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What is made up of actin, microtubules and intermediate filaments?
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cytoskeleton
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The __________ helps to regulate cell movement, cell ______ and trafficking of intracellular molecules
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cytoskeleton.
cell shape |
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______ is responsible for movement of the cell membrane
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cytoskeleton
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__________ are responsible for organization and movement
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microtubules
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_______ contains the genomic DNA. This contains nuclear genes that code for the synthesis of _______
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Nucleus
proteins |
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The nucleus is made up of a ______membrane with pores
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double
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The ______ ______ and _____ _____
function together to synthesize proteins and lipids for transport to ______or the plasma membrane |
E R and Golgi Apparatus
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_____ and ______ are membrane bound bags of digestive _______ that degrade intracellular debris and together are known as the clean up crew
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lysosomes and peroxisomes
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__________ are hydrolytic enzymes that use water when changing to products.
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Lysosomes
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__________ contain oxidative enzymes molecular oxygen or peroxide for redox reactions ( free radicles
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peroxisomes
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____ are the power house of the cell and contain enzymes necessary for _____ phosphorylation
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Mitochondria
oxidative |
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The Mitochondria has a _____ membrane and is the location of respiratory chain enzymes
_______is formed inside here |
double
ATP |
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The mitochondria can maintain genetic material
Get mitochondria from _____ (egg) and if there are defects then this affects Metabolism |
mom
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What are the three types of membrane lipids?
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Cholesterol
Phospholipids and Glycolipids |
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The lipid bilaryer is resistant to polar, charged ______ soluble molecules but permeable to ____ soluble substances.
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water
lipid |
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The lipid bilayer is _________
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amphipathic
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Hydrophilic
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(water loving charged or polar end) (head group) outer layer)
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Hydrophobic
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end that is non polar Hydrophobic core is formed by the hydrocarbon tails
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Large lipid insoluble molecules are transported across the plasma membrane by ______ and _______
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endocytosis and exocytosis
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______ occurs when proteins recognize the receptors, pinch off of the cell membrane for transport into the cell- this process takes increased energy to do.
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Endocytosis
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________ movement from inside of the cell to the outside of the cell
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Exocytosis
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Small lipid insoluble molecules are transported across the plasma membrane by what three kinds of membrane proteins
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1. ATP driven pumps
2. Carries 3. Channels |
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Example of an ATP driven pump is the
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Na/K pump
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__________ bind like a lock and key and will flip flop for movement
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Carriers
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Channels
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For the channel to open the cap must be removed.
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Active transport uses and requires _______
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Energy
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Passive Transport require no ________
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Energy
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__________ is the breakdown of glycogen and fat. This process is ________ and produces ____ ATP molecules
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Glycolysis
anaerobic two |
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Per one _____ molecule you receive two NADH molecules and ____ Pyruvate molecules.
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glucose
two |
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Pyruvate enters the _______ and is converted into Acetyl CoA with the release of a C02
If there is not an adequate supply of 02 then the pyruvate can be converted to ______ acid which can leak from cell into the circulation |
mitochondria
lactic |
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What process's purpose is to break through oxidation the C-C and C-H bonds of the compounds produced in the second stage of catabolsim
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Citric Acid Cycle
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______ and _______ _____ go into the mitochondrial matrix and are converted to ________ _____
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Pyruvate and Fatty acids
Acetyl CoA |
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The Citric Acid Cycle or Kreb's cycle only produces _____ ATP in the form of GTP (Guanisine tri phosphate) but this process captures a great deal of energy in the form of ______ + ions
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one
Hydride |
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What is the name of the process in which as electrons pass from one complex to the next they transfer energy which is used to pump H+ ions out of the ______ matrix.
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Oxidative phosphorylation and the Mitochondrial electron transport chain.
Mitochondrial |
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Each transfer one electron provides enough energy to pump ____ or ____ protons across the membrane
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one or two
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At the end of the ETC the low energy electrons are transferred to ____ to form _____ ( the final waste product)
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02 to form H20
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______ _____ is considered aerobic due to its need for oxygen when forming the H20
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Oxidative phosphorylation
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ATP Synthase is an enzyme used in the inner mitochondrial membrane that allows protons to flow back into the _____ down their electrochemical gradient.
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mitochondria
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2 ATP come _________
2 ATP come from ______ Remainder of ATP come from _______ _________ |
Glycoloysis
Krebs cyle Oxidative phosphorylation (ETC) |
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the complete oxidation of Glucose results into _____ and _____
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C02 and H20
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The ATP formed within the mitochondria is transported to the cytosol by _____ _____ in the mitochondrial membrane . ATP is then available to drive a variety of energy requiring reactions within the cell
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Protein transporters
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When is ATP used ?
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functions such as Ion transport
Synthesis of Macromolecules |
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Atp is used to drive ATP pumps to move ______ against a gradient Such as the ___ ___ pumps, ____ pumps and ____transporters
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NaK
Ca2+ ABC |
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Atp is used to make or break ______ bonds
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chemical
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What is the name of a specific amount of energy used to buy a specific amount of work?
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Energy Currency
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Energy using metabolic processes or pathways is called
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Anabolism
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Energy releasing breakdown of nutrient sources such as glucose to provide ATP to the cell is
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Catabolism
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There is s slight excess of ______ ions along the inner aspect of the membrane and extra _____ ions along the ______ membrane
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negative ions ( inner aspect)
positive ions (outer aspect) |
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Separation of charges creates a membrane potential that can be measured as a ___________
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voltage
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Positive and negative ions separated by the _______ _______ have a strong attraction to one another that can be used by the cell to perform ____
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plasma membrane
work |
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When there is no _____ _____ _________ across the plasma membrane electrical charge present inside the cell is called _____ ________ __________
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net ion movement
resting membrane potential |
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ATP Is not stored or shared amongst cells, it is made as needed , if there is no 02 then there is no ______
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ATP
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The major determinant in the resting membrane potential is _______ concentration across the membrane
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potassium
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The ____________ _______ is much greater than Extracellular ____
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intracellular potassium concentration
potassium. |
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At rest the membrane is permeable to _________+ but not other positively charged cations like ____ and _____
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K+
Ca2+ and Na+ |
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Potassium ions remain inside because of the _______ ______ that cannot diffuse out of the cell.
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intracellular anions
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Because the cell membrane is impermeable to Na+ and Ca2+ then only ____ is available to balance these negative intracellular ions.
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K+
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there are two opposing forces acting on the potassium ion. The ______ cell interior ______ K+ into the cell and the hug K+ concentration gradient favors movement _____ of the cell
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negative
attracts out |
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When the cell is at rest and not transmitting _______ . These forces are balanced and although the membrane is permeable to K+ there is no _____ ______
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impulses
net movement |
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If the K+ level ________ is _______ then K+ will stay inside the cell = reduced concentration gradient. These extra positive intracellular ions will ______ more of the negative cellular anions and the cell will __________ (become _____ ________)
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extracellular increased
neutralize |
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Concentration gradient will ______ ____ K from the cell
Electrical gradient will ____ ____ K this is how K moves |
push out
pull in |
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If the ____ + extracellular level _______ then K+ will exit the cell and this will produce a ______ concentration gradient
Fewer intracellular anions will be neutralized and the cell interior will ___________ become more _______ |
K+
decreases greater Hyperpolarize negative |
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Long term maintenance of K= concentration gradient across the cell membrane is accomplished primarily by the ____ _____ pump
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Sodium potassium pump
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The Na + K pump extrudes _____ _____ for every _____ K+ brought into the cell
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three NA
two K+ |
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how much negativity to offset the gradient?
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Nernst equilibrium potential
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What are rapid, self propagating electrical excitation of the membrane that are mediated by _____ _______ that open and close in response to changes in ____ across the membrane? (voltage gated ion channels
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This is an action potential
ion channels voltage |
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An action potential is triggered by ______ __________
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membrane depolarization
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Depolarization is caused by the ______ of _____ to cell surface receptors
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binding of neurotransmitter
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This binding of neurotransmitter to cell surface receptors causes the ____ or pores in membranes to _______ allowing ions like_____+ to enter the cell
|
channels
open Na+ |
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This positive influx= a shift in the ______ = ________ negative value = depolarization
|
membrane
less |
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Threshold is reached when a patch of membrane becomes significantly ______ to activate _______ ______ Na Channels in the membrane
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depolarized
voltage gated |
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Threshold channels open rapidly and transiently to all influx of ______ ions
continues on to next patch and causes membrane ________ and more voltage gated channels enter into the cell . This process repeats over and over until an ______ ____ proceeds along the cell |
Na
depolarization action potential |
|
What is the period when 3 Na voltage gated channels will not open again in response to another depolarizing stimulus. this limits the rate at which action potentials are generated.
|
Refractory period
|
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What are the three types of Na voltage gated channels
|
open, closed, refractory
|
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The two major factors in _________ ___________ are the Inflow of ____ is stopped by closing ____ ________/
K+ conductance (outflow) through voltage gated K+ channels _____ and take longer than Na channels K+ flows _____ of the cell and helps to return the cell back to _________ |
cellular repolarization
Na Na channels increases out negative |
|
In ______ and _______ cells_____ + plays a big role
|
muscle and skeletal
Calcium |
|
Ca2+ released from _______ stores when _________ occurs
Ca2+ entry through ________ ________channels in the membrane |
intracellular
depolarization voltage gated |
|
what is the name of the phase where Ca2+ comes into the cells and prolongs the action potential
|
Plateau
|
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The plateau phase allows for the ______ ______ before another impulse is generated and prevents conditions of cardiac muscle ______
|
Muscular contraction
tetany |
|
What are two ways to block the action potential
|
Lidocaine or caine family drugs
change in temperature by cooling |
|
Voltage gated channels
with low resistance regenerate every _____ with high resistance regenerate every ______ |
3 mm
1 mm |
|
Large neurons= faster conduction and _____ resistance
|
low
|
|
Small Neurons = _____ conduction and ____ resistance
|
faster
high |
|
What are the three ways cells in multicellular organisms communicate with one another?
|
1. gap junction
2. Direct cell to cell contact of plasma membranes or the extracellular molecules associated with the cell( extracellular matrix) 3. secretion of chemical mediators ( ligands) that can influence cells some distance away |
|
1. gap junction ( directly connect to __________ of adjoining cells
2. Direct cell to cell contact of ______ ______ or the extracellular molecules associated with the cell( _______ ________) 3. secretion of chemical mediators ( ________ ) that can influence cells some distance away |
cytoplasm
plasma membrane extracellular matrix ligands |
|
what are the three types of chemical mediators or ligands
|
1. ion channel linked
2. enzyme linked 3. G protein linked |
|
Synaptic ( synapse ) used by nerves by ________________
|
neurotransmitters
|
|
________ uses the blood stream
|
Endocrine
|
|
_______ means local moving through the _________ tissues
|
Paracrine
|
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________ = cell feeding information to self . Negative feedback at times
Response to immune and T cells is ________ _________ |
Autocrine
|
|
Somatic cells divide by ________ in which the daughter cells each receive an identical complete set of _____ chromosomes
|
MITOSIS
|
|
Germ cells such as eggs and sperm divide by ______
where significant chromosomal arrangements occur |
meiosis
|
|
Cell replication normally requires specific extracellular_______ that activate signaling systems within the cell.
|
mitogens
|
|
Cyclin proteins and cyclin dependent kinases alter function of _____ protein which cause it to release _______ factors that begin the process of replication.
|
Rb
transcription |
|
What are the names of the four nucleotide bases
|
Adenosine
Thymine Guanine Cytosine |
|
Adenosine is paired with
|
Thymine
|
|
Cytosine is paired with
|
Guanine
|
|
A series of ____ ______ (triplet) codon
is needed to code for each of the _____ amino acids |
three nucleotides
|
|
Since there are _____ different bases there are ______ different possible triplet combination.
|
four
64 |
|
Three of the nucleotide triplets ( codons) signal the end of the _____ ____ and do not code for ____ ____ while some amino acids are specified by more than one condon
|
protein code
amino acids |
|
______ ______ regulates the rate and timing of the gene transcription at each step of the pathway of DNA to RNA
|
protein synthesis
|
|
Cells contain _____ binding proteins which _______ or inhibit gene expression
|
DNA
Enhance |
|
These are ______ ______ that recognize and bind only particular DNA Sequences and these are specific to the genes they regulate
|
regulatory proteins
|
|
These regulatory proteins control in the following 6 ways
number one Regulate _____ and _____ of gene transcription |
rate and timing
|
|
These regulatory proteins control in the following 6 ways
Number 2 Controlling how mRNA is _______ |
spliced
|
|
These regulatory proteins control in the following 6 ways
number 3 Selecting which mRNA's are transported to _____ |
cytoplasm
|
|
These regulatory proteins control in the following 6 ways
number 4 Selecting which ways mRNA's are translated by __________ |
ribosomes
|
|
These regulatory proteins control in the following 6 ways
number 5 Selectively _________ certain mRNA's in Cytoplasm |
destroyin
|
|
These regulatory proteins control in the following 6 ways
number 6 Selectively controlling activity of ______ after they have been produced |
protein
|
|
what is the name of DNA binding proteins that are able to enhance or inhibit gene expression?
|
Transcriptional controls.
|
|
Transcription_____ = segments cut out
Transcription _____= segments expressed Look this up |
Intron
Extron |
|
Each time a cell divides it must retain membory of the ________ events that have preceded the _____ so that it can progress along a developmental pathway toward become a _______ tissue
|
developmental
division differentiated tissue |
|
Cells are differentiated because of result of differentiating influences experienced in the ______
|
embryo
|
|
Cells can retain the effects of past ______and pass the ______
|
influences
memory |
|
What are the four essentail process that enable a single cell to develop into a complex organism
|
1. cell proliferation
2 cell specialization 3. cell to cell interactions 4. cell movement and migration |
|
Cells have a genetic memory the genes a cell expresses and the way it behaves depond on the cells ______ as well as its present _______
|
past
environment |
|
is a result of cells no longer being needed, is physiologic, and requires energy to be done
|
apoptosis
|
|
______ is tidy and does not elicit inflammation
is known as programmed death Cell membrane stays intact |
Apoptosi
|
|
Apoptosis involves the activation of ________ - triggered intracellular enzymes that break up DNA and cause enzymatic degradation
|
Capsases
|
|
The capsases are triggered by withdrawal or ______ _____ or activation of death pathways ( role of ______ tumor suppression that inhibits the cells from going through the cell cycle if there is too much damage = apoptosis
|
survival signals
p53 |
|
_____ is messy and results in inflammation and collateral tissue death
Can always be considered ________ low energy and the cell membrane does not stay intact |
Necrosis
Pathologic |