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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the risk factors of hypertension?
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Age, obesity, diabetes, smoking, genetics, black > white > Asian
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What does hypertension predispose to?
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Atherosclerosis, stroke, CHF, renal failure, retinopathy, aortic dissection
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What is aortic dissection associated with?
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Hypertension and Marfan's syndrome (cystic medial necrosis)
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List the risk factors of atherosclerosis
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Smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, family history
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Briefly describe the progression of atherosclerosis
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Endothelial cell dysfunction --> macrophage and LDL accumulation --> foam cell formation --> fatty streaks --> smooth muscle migration --> fibrous plaque --> complex atheroma
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What are the complications of atherosclerosis?
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Aneurysm, ischemia, infarct, peripheral vascular disease, thrombus, emboli
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List the most common locations of atherosclerosis in order of frequency
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Abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal > carotid artery
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What is Virchow's triad?
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Predisposition to deep venous thrombosis: Stasis, Hypercoagulability, Endothelial damage
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Disease: nosebleeds and skin discoloration. Affects which vessels?
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Osler-Weber-Rendu (AD): hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia; small vessels
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Disease: decreased blood flow in response to cold temperature or emotional stress. Affects which vessels?
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Raynaud's disease, can be secondary to mixed connective tissues disease, SLE, or CREST; small vessels
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Disease: perforation of nasal septum, chronic sinusitis, otitis media, mastoiditis, cough, dyspnea, hemoptysis, hematuria. What vessels does it affect?
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Wegener's granulomatosis: necrotizing vasculitis, necrotizing granulomas in lung and upper airway, necrotizing glomerolunephritis; small vessels
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Disease: c-ANCA, hematuria, red cell casts, large nodular densities on chest x-ray. Affects which vessels?
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Wegener's granulomatosis: necrotizing vasculitis, necrotizing granulomas in lung and upper airway, necrotizing glomerolunephritis; small vessels
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Tx: Wegener's granulomatosis
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Cyclophosphamide and corticosteroids
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Disease: p-ANCA
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Small vessels: microscopic polyangiitis (vasculitis, lung and upper airway, kidney, no granulomas), primary pauci-immnue crescentic glomerulonephritis (kidney), Churg-Strauss syndrome (lung, heart, skin, kidneys, nerves; often affects atopic patients; granulomatous vasculitis with eosinophilia)
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Disease: port-wine stain, leptomeningeal angiomatosis. Affects what vessels?
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Sturge-Weber (congenital); small vessels (capillaries)
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Disease: palpable purpura, arthalgia, intestinal hemorrhage, abdominal pain, melena. Vessels?
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Henoch-Schonlein purpura; small vessels
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Vascular disease: multiple lesions of the same age in small vessels, follows upper respiratory tract infection in child
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Henoch-Schonlein purpura
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Disease: intermittent claudication, superficial nodular phlebitis, Raynaud's phenomenon, severe pain in affected part, can lead to gangrene. Affects which vessels?
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Buerger's disease; small and medium vessels - segmental, thrombosing vasculitis of small and medium peripheral arteries and veins
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Vascular disease: segmental, thrombosing vasculitis of small and medium peripheral arteries and veins
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Buerger's disease
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What is the cause and tx of Buerger's disease?
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Smoking; Stop smoking
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Disease: acute, self-limiting disease of infants/kids, fever, congested conjunctiva, strawberry tongue, lymphadenitis. Vessels?
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Kawasaki disease; small and medium vessels - acute necrotizing vasculitis
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What are the complications of Kawasaki disease?
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Usually self-limiting, can develop coronary aneurysms
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Disease: fever, weight loss, malaise, abdominal pain, melena, headache, myalgia, hypertension, neurologic dysfunction, cutaneous eruptions. Vessels?
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Polyarteritis nodosa; medium arteries - typically renal and visceral vessels
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Disease: multiple lesions of different ages in medium arteries
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Polyarteritis nodosa
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What vascular disease is called by immune complex deposition causing necrotizing inflammation of medium-sized muscular arteries?
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Polyarteritis nodosa
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Disease: hepatis B seropositivty (30% of patients), multiple aneurysms and constrictions on arteriogram
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Polyarteritis nodosa
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Tx: polyarteritis nodosa
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Corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide
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Disease: fever, arthritis, night sweats, myalgias, skin nodules, ocular disturbances, weak pulses in upper extremities, asian females <40 years old. Affects which arteries?
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Takayasu's arteritis; medium and large arteries - granulomatous thickening of aortic arch and/or proximal great vessels
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Disease: unilateral headache, jaw claudication, impaired vision, increased ESR, polymyalgia rheumatica. Vessels?
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Temporal (giant cell) arteritis; medium and large arteries - granulomatous thickening of aortic arch and/or proximal great vessels
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Tx: Temporal arteritis
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high dose steroids
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