Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The number of ____________ determines what element a particular atom is.
|
protons
|
|
Atoms have the same number of ___________ and _______________.
|
protons and electrons
|
|
____________ is formed when plants were buried and put under extreme pressure
|
coal
|
|
Hydrocarbons are formed by the joining of these two elements
|
Hydrogen and carbon.
|
|
How many bonds does carbon like to form?
|
four
|
|
Name the class of molecules formed when carbon is joined in chains with all single bonds.
|
alkanes
|
|
How do you count to ten in carbons?
|
meth, eth, prop, but, pent, hex, hept, oct, non, dec
|
|
What is the general name for the unrefined oil (alkane) that comes up from the ground?
|
crude oil
|
|
A chain of carbons with at least one double bond between carbons is part of the ______________ group.
|
alkene
|
|
A _________________ hydrocarbon has only single bonds, as compared to an ____________________ hydrocarbon, which has at least one double or triple bond.
|
saturated, unsaturated
|
|
A chain of carbons with at least one triple bond between carbons is part of the ________________ group.
|
alkyne
|
|
A circle of six carbons with one hydrogen attached to each, C6H6, is called ___________________
|
benzene
|
|
The kind of alcohol in beer and wine is called
|
ethanol
|
|
Soap has a long hydrocarbon chain on one end and a carboxylic acid on the other end. The hydrocarbon end is _________________________ , or water-hating, while the acid end is __________________, or water-loving.
|
hydrophobic, hydrophilic
|
|
The reason plain water doesn't usually work to get things clean is that most dirt is surrounded by a thin film of _____________, which is hydrophobic, so the water can't hold onto it to wash it away.
|
oil
|
|
A ___________________ is a long chain of the same repeating chemical group over and over again to make a huge, long molecule.
|
polymer
|
|
If something is man-made, we say it is
|
synthetic
|
|
_____________________ are synthetic polymers.
|
plastics
|
|
___________________ is a natural polymer.
|
rubber
|
|
Natural rubber is also known as _________________
|
latex
|
|
The problem with natural rubber is that it becomes ______________ in heat and _____________________ in cold.
|
sticky, brittle
|
|
__________________________ solved the problems with natural rubber when he accidentally dropped hot ___________________ on some rubber.
|
Charles Goodyear, sulfur
|
|
The fancy name for sugar is ___________________.
|
saccharide
|
|
If you eat too many carbohydrates and your glycogen storehouses get full, your body will turn the glucose into ______________.
|
fat
|
|
____________________ is the common name for a long chain of sugars linked together; _____________________ is the scientific term.
|
starch, polysaccharide
|
|
Fats, otherwise known as ___________, are hydrophobic.
|
lipids
|
|
Saturated fats have only _______________ bonds between their carbon atoms.
|
single
|
|
______________ fats were accidentally created while adding more hydrogens (hydrogenation) to polyunsaturated fats in an effort to make them have a better texture while baking.
|
trans
|
|
Our bodies can't break down trans fat, so it accumulates in our ______________________, blocking blood flow.
|
arteries
|
|
Proteins are chains of ____________________________ linked together.
|
amino acids
|
|
There are _____________________ different kinds of amino acids.
|
twenty
|
|
The order of amino acids in a protein is coded for by _______________.
|
DNA
|
|
The order of amino acids in a protein is very important, and determines what _________________ the protein will fold into.
|
shape
|
|
Carbon dioxide's chemical formula is _______________
|
CO2
|
|
Carbon monoxide's chemical formula is _______________.
|
CO
|
|
These organisms are responsible for capturing carbon that's in the air and making it into fuel for themselves and animals. ___________________ is the name of the process they use to do this.
|
plants, photosynthesis.
|
|
Carbon monoxide is bad for you because you can't __________ it or ______________ it, and it takes the place of oxygen on the _______________________ in your red blood cells.
|
see, smell, hemoglobin
|
|
Most atoms like to have _________ electrons in the outer shell.
|
eight
|
|
When two atoms share one pair of electrons, a _____________ is formed.
|
single bond
|
|
When two atoms share two pairs of electrons, a _________________ is formed.
|
double bond
|
|
When two atoms share three pairs of electrons, a _________________ is formed.
|
triple bond
|
|
________________ is formed when wood is burned under low oxygen conditions.
|
charcoal
|
|
This gas is colorless, odorless, and very flammable. It accumulates in mines and silos, where it can cause explosions or be poisonous to anyone in that location. It also is produced by bacteria in the intestines.
|
methane
|
|
If auto gas has too much heptane instead of octane, this will happen.
|
"Knocking", where the gas explodes too early.
|
|
Name the process used to create more gasoline (octane) from longer alkanes.
|
Cracking
|
|
When two molecules are made out of exactly the same number and kinds of atoms but have different arrangements of those atoms, they are called
|
isomers
|
|
Benzene is normally a stable molecule, but when a human consumes it, the _____________ tries to break it down and actually makes it unstable and dangerous.
|
liver
|
|
___________________ is a benzene with a CH3 group attached. It is used as a solvent and is very bad for your health. It's produced naturally by the tolu tree.
|
toluene
|
|
The kind of alcohol you use to kill germs is called
|
isopropyl alcohol (rubbing alcohol)
|
|
A ketone that is often used to remove fingernail polish is
|
acetone
|
|
Fruity smells are often from this functional group.
|
esters
|
|
This functional group makes things really stinky and compounds with it are often used to put people to sleep for surgeries
|
ethers
|
|
The reason soap works to get things clean is that the hydrocarbon chain end grabs onto the _______________ and the carboxylic acid end grabs onto the _________________, making a bridge between the two.
|
oil, water
|
|
If you have a long chain of carbon atoms with ________________ attached instead of the hydrogens, you've made _________________, so your eggs don't stick to the pan when you fry them!
|
fluorine, teflon
|
|
The process of mixing sulfur with natural rubber to improve its characteristics in heat and cold is called
|
vulcanization.
|
|
Sulfur creates _______________________ between the polymers in rubber, making it ____________________.
|
crosslinks, elastic
|
|
Silly putty is a polymer based on ___________________ instead of carbon.
|
silicon
|
|
A simple, one unit sugar is called a
|
monosaccharide
|
|
The monosaccharide mostly used by our bodies to produce energy is _______________________
|
glucose
|
|
When your body has too much free glucose running around, it hooks a bunch of glucose molecules together in a string in order to store them for a bit. We call this substance
|
glycogen
|
|
When your body doesn't have enough _____________________ to burn for energy, its first choice is to break apart strings of ___________________ to make individual ______________ molecules again.
|
glucose, glycogen, glucose
|
|
________________________ is made by the ______________, and is released when glucose levels in the blood get too high.
|
insulin, pancreas
|
|
Insulin makes ______________________ be taken up by cells, where it is strung together into __________________. This brings the blood glucose levels back to normal.
|
glucose, glycogen
|
|
________________________________ usually happens to adults, and one of its main causes is consistently eating too much _____________________.
|
type 2 diabetes, sugar
|
|
In Type 2 diabetes, the body becomes resistant to ______________________, and it takes more and more of it to get glucose to go into cells to be turned into glycogen.
|
insulin
|
|
____________________ is the kind of polysaccharide or starch that plants use for their structural parts. Most animals can't digest it on their own - they need help from bacteria in the intestines.
|
cellulose.
|
|
A fat that has only one double bond between its carbon atoms is ________________________
|
monounsaturated
|
|
A fat that has mulitiple double bonds between its carbon atoms is _______________________
|
polyunsaturated
|
|
A ________________ fat has the hydrogen atoms on the same sides of the carbon-carbon double bond.
|
cis
|
|
A _______________ fat has the hydrogen atoms on opposite sides of the carbon-carbon double bond.
|
trans
|
|
An ___________________ is a special kind of protein that helps makes reactions happen more quickly in an organism.
|
enzyme
|
|
The ___________________ of an enzyme is critical for it to work correctly.
|
shape
|
|
The innermost shell of electrons can hold up to ________ electrons
|
two
|
|
Different geometric arrangements of the same element are called
|
allotropes
|
|
Name three allotropes of carbon
|
diamond, graphite, and buckeyballs (buckminsterfullerene)
|
|
When something doesn't have a particular geometric shape, we say it is
|
amorphous
|
|
Name two amorphous forms of carbon
|
coal and charcoal
|
|
Another name for methane is
|
natural gas
|
|
The kind of gas you keep in a tank to grill with is called ______________ and it has how many carbon atoms?
|
propane. Three
|
|
The kind of gas in a hand-held lighter is called ________________ and it has how many carbon atoms?
|
butane, four
|
|
Alkanes with 1-4 carbons are ______________, with 5-18 are ________________, and with 19 or more are __________________.
|
gases, liquids, solids
|
|
What happens at a refinery?
|
Crude oil is distilled (specially heated) to separate out the different length carbon chains, so that various products can be made from them.
|
|
Name a hydrocarbon where chlorines take the place of some of the hydrogens. It was used to kill insects (insecticide), but it also killed birds, so we don't use it anymore.
|
DDT
|
|
Name the group of alkanes where both chlorine and fluorine take the place of some of the hydrogens. They are used to make things spray out of spray cans, but many countries don't use them anymore due to concern that they might harm the ozone layer.
|
chloroflorocarbons (CFCs)
|
|
When you change ________________ isomers of octane to _____________ isomers, the gasoline burns better.
|
straight, branched
|
|
Name the gas produced by ripening fruit.
|
ethylene
|
|
___________________ is two benzene molecules stuck together, which looks like a moth. It is used in moth balls!
|
naphthalene
|
|
If you put a carboxylic acid on the end of lighter fluid (butane), you get ________________________, which is found in butter that has spoiled or on the gym shirt you forgot to put in the laundry three weeks ago…
|
butyric acid
|
|
This carboxylic acid is responsible for the sting of an ant bite
|
formic acid
|
|
A ______________________ is a chemical (often based on a hydrocarbon chain) that animals use to communicate with each other.
|
pheromone
|
|
_______________________ is a plastic used for all sorts of things that need both flexibility and toughness and can withstand both high and low temperatures.
|
polyethylene
|
|
Polyethylene comes in two basic varieties: HDPE, which stands for ______________________________ and will keep its shape in boiling water, and LDPE, which stands for __________________________________ and will melt and deform in boiling water.
|
high-density polyethylene, low-density polyethylene
|
|
If you add chlorine molecules to polyethylene, you make PVC, or ______________________________. This is what the off-white pipes in your house are made of.
|
polyvinyl chloride
|
|
_________________ is the tendency of a substance to maintain its shape instead of to run when exposed to gravity.
|
viscosity
|
|
____________________________ usually starts when you are a child, and is caused by the pancreas not making enough insulin. People who have this disease need to take shots of insulin.
|
Type 1 diabetes
|
|
Diabetes can lead to ____________________, _________________________, _______________________, and many other problems.
|
heart disease, kidney problems, and blindness
|
|
The real name for table sugar is _______________, and it is a _________________________ made of _______________ and ____________________.
|
sucrose, disaccharide, fructose, glucose
|
|
"Good cholesterol" is called _____________ and "bad cholesterol" is called ______________.
|
HDL, LDL
|
|
One end of an amino acid has a ___________________ group, and the other end has an ______________________ group, which contains a _____________________.
|
carboxylic acid, amine, nitrogen
|
|
_________________________ decodes the DNA instructions for making a protein into another form that can be taken out of the cell nucleus and out to the protein-making factories, which are called ______________________.
|
messenger RNA, ribosomes
|