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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
thermocromatic Pigments |
-Change colour when heated or cooled |
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Phosphorescent Pigments
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-Absorb and store energy to release as light when it's dark |
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Fossil Fuels
(Three Types) |
-Crude Oil |
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Fossil Fuels
(Properties) |
-Formed naturally over millions of years |
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Crude Oil |
-Oil spills damage wildlife and beaches |
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Fractional Distillation |
Oil is heated in a fractioning column with a catalyst. Hydrocarbons with low boiling points leave at the top, and those with high leave at the bottom. |
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Fractions of Cracking Hydrocarbons (Lowest to Highest Boiling Point) |
-LPG -Petrol -Paraffin -Diesel -Heating Oil -Fuel -Bitumen |
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Hydrocarbons (Bonds) |
-Strong covalent bonds -Weak intermolecular bonds
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Complete Combustion (Word and Symbol Equation) |
Methane + Oxygen ---> Carbon Dioxide + Water CH4 + 2O2 ---> CO2 + 2H2O |
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Incomplete Combustion (Word and Symbol Equation) |
Methane + Oxygen--->Carbon Monoxide + Water 2CH4 + 3O2 ---> 2CO2 + 4H2O |
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Factors Affecting Choosing Fuels (Six Factors) |
-Energy Value -Availability -Storage -Cost -Toxicity -Pollution |
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Photosynethesis |
Plants absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen as a by-product |
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Respiration |
Living things take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide |
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Combustion |
Reactions between fuel and oxygen that release heat |
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The Earth's Atmosphere (1) |
-Earth released gases from the crust in a volcanic state. -The initial atmosphere was ammonia, carbon dioxide and water vapour. |
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The Earth's Atmosphere (2) |
Water vapour condensed to water as the earth cooled. Formed oceans removed some CO2 through dissolving. |
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The Earth's Atmosphere (3) |
Nitrifying Bacteria released fairly unreactive Nitrogen gas |
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The Earth's Atmosphere (4) |
Oxygen level increased with the development of plants that could photosynthesise, removing CO2 from the atmosphere. |
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Sulfur Dioxide (Formation and Effects) |
-Made from the burning of fossil fuels containing sulfur impurities -Causes acid rain -Harms plants and aquatic life -erodes stonework and corrodes iron work |
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Nitrogen Oxides (Formation and Effects) |
-Made from the reaction of nitrogen and oxygen in car engines -causes photochemical fog and acid rain |
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Burning Fossil Fuels... |
Increases the amount of CO2 |
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Deforestation.... |
Causes a decrease in photosynthesis so a decrease in the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere |
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Turning Carbon Monoxide into Carbon Dioxide |
Uses a catalytic Converter to create nitrogen and oxygen from the reaction of carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide |
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Hydrogen and Carbon Atoms (Bonds) |
Hydrogen atoms make one bond Carbon Atoms make four bonds Carbon atoms share a pair of electrons with hydrogen atoms to form a covalent bonds
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Alkanes |
Hydrocarbon chains with single covalent bonds |
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Alkenes |
Hydrocarbon chains with double covalent bonds |
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Saturated Hydrocarbons |
Max amount of hydrogen atoms for each carbon
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Unsaturated Hydrocarbons |
Not the max amount of hydrogen atoms for each carbon
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Bromine Water Tests |
Alkenes decolourise in bromine water |
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Polymers |
Molecules in plastics
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Polymerisation |
The process of joining monomers (Alkenes made from cracking) under high presssure to make polymers |
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Polythene (Properties and Uses) |
Properties -Easily Moulded -Can be printed on Uses -Moulded Containers |
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Polystyrene (Properties and Uses) |
Properties -Light -Poor conductor of heat Uses -Insulation |
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Polyester (Properties and Uses) |
Properties -Light Weight -Waterproof -Tough -Can be coloured Uses Clothing Bottles |
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Plastics with weak intermolecular forces between polymer molecules.... |
-Have low melting points -Can be stretched easily |
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Plastics with strong intermolecular forces between polymer molecules.... |
-Have high melting points -Rigid and can't be stretched |
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Nylon (Properties) |
-Lightweight -Tough -Waterproof -Blocks UV Light -Doesn't let water vapour escape ---> Perspiration
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Gore Tex |
-Made from nylon -Holes in fabric are too small for water to pass through but water vapour can be released. -Nylon fibres are laminated with a membrane to allow water vapour release |
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Landfill Sites (Con's) |
-Plastics are non-bio-degradable so they won't break down from bacteria and decay -Wastes valuable resources -Landfill sites get filled up very quickly
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Burning Polymers (Con's) |
-Produces Air Pollution -Some plastics produce toxic fumes when they are burned -Wastes valuable resources
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Recycling Polymers (Con's) |
-Expensive -Time Consuming |
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Bio-degradable Plastics
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-Contain parts to dissolve and break up the polymer chain easily -Dishwasher Detergent Tablets |
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Heating eggs and meat causes the molecules to _____ which is an ______ _______ that causes the ________ and _______ to change |
Heating eggs and meat causes the molecules to denature which is an irreversable process that causes the texture and appearance to change |
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Cooking Potatoes (Effect of heat on starch) |
-Heat breaks down the rigid cell wall so the cells becomes soft. -Starch grains swell up and are released so the body can digest them easily. |
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Baking Powder (Equation) |
Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate
--------Heat------->
Sodium Carbonate + Water + Carbon Dioxide |
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Limewater Test |
Carbon dioxide turns limewater milky
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Antioxidants |
Stop food from reacting with oxygen in the air
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Food Colours |
Improve the appearance of food
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Flavour Enhancers |
Enhance the flavour of the food without adding a new taste
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Emulsifiers |
help mix oil and water |
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Hydrophobic End |
Doesn't like water |
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Hydropholic End |
Likes water
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Natural Sources of Perfumes (Three Sources) |
-Lavender -Musk -Rose |
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Manufactured Perfumes are called.... |
Synthetic Perfumes |
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Esters (Equation) |
Acid + Alcohol ----> Ester + Water |
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Properties of Perfume (Five) |
Volatile (Molecules held together by weak forces) Non toxic Non irritant Insoluble Won't react with water |
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Soluble Substances |
Substances that dissolve in water |
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Insoluble Substances |
Substances that don't dissolve in liquid
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Solvent |
The liquid in which substances are dissolved
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Solute |
Substance dissolved |
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Solution |
Product of solvent and solute
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Colloids have _____ ______ particles that are _____ and must stay scattered throughout the mixture |
Colloids have very small particles that are solid and must stay scattered throughout the mixture |
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Pigment |
Gives paint colour
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Binding Medium |
Oil that sticks pigment to surface
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Solvent |
Thins the binding medium to ease painting, evaporates once paint is dry
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Oil-Based Paints dry when.... |
The solvent evaporates away and the binding medium oxidates with the air as it dries to form a hard layer. |