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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Is ethics a personal issue?
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Yes and no. There are certain general standards. It can be found a history of incidents (unethical issues), and pluralistically society contests the issue of what's right.
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What are the reasons of good people doing bad things?
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1 - too entusiastic, not being able to see what is beside you (get caught up in business and competition)
2 - Following orders 3 - Forget about social context, ignoring that ethics is related to economical enterprise b/c affects people |
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What example did she give on ethics?
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That the damage the tragedy of the twin towers caused was bigger than the corporate immorality (destruction of moral principles) in the U.S.
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What if more laws and regulations were created?
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Studies prove that "unethical" companies do better with laws than moral com.
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How should ethics start?
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With core values that should be practiced.
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What example did the lecturer give about ethics and capitalist success?
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From 1920 - 1994 , the best cias in America were Disney, JJ, and Motorolla, JJ with profitability being n.10 goal of cia.
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What does the story "Ring of Gyges" tell us about the reasons for being good?
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Because we'd be punished if we didn't
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What does Hobbes say about making rules?
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Because we'd be in peril if we didn't. The State of Nature: equal needs; equal power; scarcity; self-interest. This amounts to a state of war. A war
of all against all. |
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What is the critique of Psychological Egoism?
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empathy; inner conflict; satisfaction a by-product, not a goal.
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What is the critique about Ethical Egoism?
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Advice giving; incoherence between public and private life; friendship
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Boss - Ch1
What is ethics? |
as a philosophical discipline, it is
the study of the values and guidelines by which we live, as well as the justification of those values and guidelines (universal principles, not cultural agreements) |
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Boss - Ch 2
Morals |
Provide skills necessary to analyze and evaluate different moral theories and lines of reasoning.
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Boss - Ch1
Aristotle |
The pursuit of good life is our most
important activity as humans. Through the repeated performance of good actions we become more moral (and more happy). Repeated practice referred to as habituation. |
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Boss - Ch1
Buddhism |
the idea of practicing good actions as
more important than studying ethics |
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Boss - Fallacies
What is it? |
When an argument is psychologically or
emotionally persuasive, but logically incorrect. |
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Boss - Fallacies
Equivocation |
meaning of a term is unclear (ambiguous)
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Boss - Fallacies
Appeal to force |
"might is right"
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Boss - Fallacies
Abusive fallacy |
ad hominem - attach to character
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Boss - Fallacies
Circumstancial fallacy |
consider one's special circumstance
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Boss - Fallacies
Appeal to inappropriate authority |
priests, non-specialists
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Boss - Fallacies
Popular appeal |
"everyone else is doing it"
"the tyranny of majority" (Stuart Mill) |
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Boss - Fallacies
Hasty generalizations |
use of unusual or atypical cases to
support |
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Boss - Fallacies
Fallacy of accident |
accepted rule used for exception
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Boss - Fallacies
Fallacy of ignorance |
has to be true 'cause it is not proved
false |
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Boss - Fallacies
Begging the question |
or circular reasoning
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Boss - Fallacies
irrelevant conclusion |
conclusions and premises don't match
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Boss - Fallacies
Naturalistic fallacy |
nature characteristics as evident
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Boss - Fallacies
appeal to tradition |
used by cultural relativists to
legitimate the status quo |
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The moral point of view
Morality is like... |
Nutrition
Are there authorities? Do they disagree? Should we judge others? |
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The moral point of view
Problems? |
hypocrisy
knowing others what is right intervention |
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The moral point of view
Nutrition or moral health |
live well
notion of good things self-control (physically/morally fit) moral is harder to convince Americans Claims change periodically intake depends on individual differences |
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The Moral Point of View:
Authorities? |
Wise or studied individuals
experts disagree about morality conclusion: nobody knows or confidence that if done in insightful ways, can help us |
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The Moral Point of View:
Authorities? what they know |
There is agreement in some issues
Human data as evidence for ethics public vs. private face self-deception - things that you profess, but act differently |
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The Moral Point of View:
Judgments |
To evaluate a kind of life a person
takes is proper. The point is that it is sometimes used to condemn people. |
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The Moral Point of View:
Hypocrisy |
A hypocrite can still make moral
remarks. People learn from their mistakes, but some people want to learn by themselves. |
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The Moral Point of View:
Knowing others |
If you can know one's motivation, you
can try to judge them. People seek understanding of others! Maybe we can't judge motivation, but behavior |
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The Moral Point of View:
What is right? |
Do we have legitimate ground for making
judgments? |
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Ch3 - Ethical subjectivism
What does it assert? |
No objective or universal moral
standards or truths |
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Ch3 - Ethical subjectivism
What are over there to rely on? |
Only opinions - belifs, no reasons or
facts |
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Ch3 - Ethical subjectivism
Is it different from skepticism |
the late one does not question our ability to know moral truths.
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Ch3 - Ethical subjectivism
What is a right act for an individual? |
whatever a person belives is right for
him or her |
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Ch3 - Ethical subjectivism
How to judge moral preferences? |
there are no absolute standards by which to judge a person's moral
preferences |
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Ch3 - Ethical subjectivism
What is the public opinion about subjectivism? |
great majority of philosophers disagree
with it. |
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Ch3 - Ethical subjectivism
Differences from subjectivism |
moral uncertainty, free will, ethical skepticism or emotivism (deny knowledge
of moral truth) |
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Ch3 - Ethical skepticism
what does it say |
We cannot know with certainty whether
or not objective moral standards exist |
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Ch3 - Ethical emotivism
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All moral statements are meaningless
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Ch3 - Ethical subjectivism
Kitty Genovese Syndrome |
An attitude of moral indifference to
another person's distress No objective values based Takes away responsibility |
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Ch3 - Ethical subjectivism
Critique |
No universal moral standards
Cannot be mistaken We judge our feelings and actions We regard acting on certain feelings as immoral It is desastruous for the weak |
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Ch3 - Social Darwinism
Who created it? |
Huxley and Spencer, based on Darwin's
theory of evolution |
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Ch3 - Social Darwinism
What did it say? |
"rejects ethical relativism and instead
embraces an ethics based on one universal moral principle: survival of the fittest" |
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Ch3 - Social Darwinism
What are its implications? |
dominant civilizations as more
developed ones. Justify the dominance of one culture over the other. |
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Conscience and moral standards
Feeling guilty |
religious aspect
reluctance of feeling guilty |
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Conscience and moral standards
Humility |
being aware of moral development, and
desire to reach a higher point |
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Ch3 - Cultural Relativism
Argument? |
Moral principles vary from culture to
culture, inexistence of transcultural moral standards. |
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Ch3 - Cultural Relativism
Moral community |
groups granted the universal, basic
rights. |
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Ch3 - Cultural Relativism
Mandala |
Abstract circle, position defining
privileges in societies. |
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Ch3 - Cultural Relativism
Implications |
To go against social darwinism,
forgot about common standards. Forgot about countergroups in each society. |
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Ch3 - Cultural Relativism
Critiques |
illogical, does not work in
pluralistically societies, confuses custom with morality, group lack of morality, we/they mentality, inexistence of common standards |
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Worksheet - Subjectivism and relativism
Attractions |
Tolerance (or indifference)
Dignifies us (or demans) |
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Worksheet - Subjectivism and relativism
Distinctions |
Values/tastes
ethics/etiquette cultural/sociological |
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Worksheet - Subjectivism and relativism
there are moral standards |
quarrelling
excuse making moral progress judge and commend |
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Worksheet - Subjectivism and relativism
relativism or absolutism |
a middle way: discuss and search
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Conscience and moral standards
development of conscience |
Psycho studies prove that there is
something original (basic sense of justice) plus social conditioning We cannot only be shaped (not plastic) |
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Conscience and moral standards
Conscience division |
affective (worse press attention) and
reasoning |
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Conscience and moral standards
Affective |
Sympathy for the other - relate to the world, removes egocentric view
Helper's high - phy, emot, psy rejuvenation Moral outrage |
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Moral Development
What is guilt |
when we cross the line of our morals
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Moral Development
concept |
maybe as human beings we develop our
morals in a certain way |
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Afluenza
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Keen eye towards the world
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Similarity bet individualism, subject,
relativism |
impossible to search for a better life
no moral truth applies to all |
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Similarity between ethics and arts
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Its not a data vs opinion issue, but having good reasons to support.
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Stages by Piaget
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Pre-conventional (personal)
Conventional (sociological) Post-conventional (conscience and autonomous thinking) |
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Women's point of view
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self / self sacrificing / balanced
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What are the components that make moral values
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sensitivity
reasoning motivation character |
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Moral Development
What is the criticism against stages? |
Were created in the 70's, using as
subjects male college students. |
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Moral Development
How are female ways of moral development different? |
Masculinity - gender identity formed by separation and independence
Feminity - female gender identity is threatened by individualization, we have closer bounds w fewer women |
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Individualism
Ring of Gyges |
Glaucon - story to illustrate truth
about us and justice We behave morally only if there is some form of social control (punishment) By nature, we act according to our self interests |
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Individualism
Ring of Gyges - what is more benefitial |
awards of immorality are bigger than
morality's. If had ring but didn't use it, we would be fools Sharp criticism of "Good for its own sake" |
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Individualism
Social Darwinism |
Reinforces self-interest
Claim of how we ought to live |
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Individualism
Hobbes |
Moral development stages - 1st egoism
Life before civilization We create rules in society to protect ourselves from a brutal death Complete chaos w/o moral rules - no right or wrong Biological right to dominate |
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Individualism
Psychological Egoism |
We are in a struggle for survival
Description of our self-interest Altruism or self-sacrifice is impossible |
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Individualism
Cons |
Unfalsifiable - no opposing alternative
Empathy - ability to feel others Helper's high - isn't only self- interest |
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Ethical egoism
Premises |
maybe we don't always act on our self-interest. But don't. The world would be a better place if all played the
game. |
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Egoism and Capitalism
value |
based on demand, popularity in real
life, but can we base on it our moral values? |
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Egoism and Capitalism
Responsibility |
to maximize self-interest
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Egoism and Capitalism
Morals and culture |
supposed negative effects (Novak)
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Egoism and Capitalism
Virtuous self-interest |
Greed will be punished
Includes others Social virtuous (trust, shared risk, contacts) Novak |
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Egoism and Capitalism
What's real? |
Darwin
Hobbes Machiavelli |
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Egoism and Capitalism
Laissez-faire |
strenghtening society because of
production expanded gap bet. poor and rich not everybody has equal opportunities kids learn to grow from egoism to social values -crucial for self-expression |
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Egoism and Capitalism
Dr. Wisfneske |
Can you be a "little egoist"?
Self-preservation is not egoism |
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Egoism and Capitalism
Difference from psychological and ethical egoism |
descriptive as pursuing our self-
interest vs. prescription of what ought to be Ethical egoism - incoherent, two-faced life |
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Egoism and Capitalism
Friendship |
two-way benefit?
lasts as long as it makes us feel good? relationship (self - power place or mutual relation? |
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Egoism and Capitalism
Ironies (Novak) |
1. Cut moral values - work to have
vacations 2. Needs/want/desire 3. Politicians - promise and not follow 4. Gov't attracts a greedy class 5. Arts and mass culture - little choice 6. Envy - players and teachers 7. Taste - mass taste/culture |
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Egoism and Capitalism
Positive views (NOVAK) |
1. self-interest of everyone (family,
community) 2. Greedy would fail - internal punish. 3. Human sinfulness - ??? |
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Subversive Virginity
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Wanting is not a proper guide for
sexual conduct Vir. creates respect for + upholds values of women Virgin sexuality has extraordinary + unusual power Sex is anything but serious |
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Utilitarianism
Consequentialist |
Common value amongs all utilitarian theories. Actions are neither right or wrong, but it depends on its consequences. "The end justify the means."
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Utilitarianism
Teleological |
Oriented towards the greatest net happiness for all. Also called "social hedonism".
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Utilitarianism
vs. ethic egoism or hedonism |
The feeling of unity - Mo Tzu called "universal love" - is rooted in our characters. The happiness of all sensient beings.
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Utilitarianism
Right and wrong |
Greatest happiness principle: actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. It should be impartial, each person affected should get equal consideration.
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Utilitarianism
Rule-utilitarianism |
or "rule worshipers" (Smart). Should follow the rule in any particular situation.
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Utilitarianism
Act-utilitarianism |
morality of particular actions.
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Utilitarianism
Stuart Mill |
action is of a class which, if practised generally, would be generally injurious, and that this is the ground of obligation to abstain from it.
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