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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Define bryophyte |
Moss |
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What are most primitive land plants |
Bryophytes |
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Bryophyte features |
No vascular tissue, lack true roots, stems and leaves. Confined to moist environments because sperm needs to swim to egg. |
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Do bryophyte need water for reproduction? Why or why not |
Sperm needs water to swim to egg |
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What is dominant in bryozoans, gametophyte or sporophyte? |
Gametophyte. |
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Define sporophyte |
Produces spores |
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Define gametophyte |
Produces egg or sperm gametes . There are male and female gametophytes |
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Define antheridium |
At tips of male gametophyte. Produces sperm |
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Define archegonium |
At tips of female gametophytes. Produces egg. |
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Bryophyte life cycle |
Sperm released from antheridium, swims to egg in archegonium. Zygote is formed, sporophyte grows from zygote at tip of female plant and eventually produces spores. Spores released and grow into gametophyte. Continue. |
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Phylum of gymnosperm |
Coniferophyta- conifers |
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Life cycle of gymnosperm |
Confers produce both male and female cones. Small non-woody: males Large woody: female Males produce pollen grains, female produces ovules, each holding a microscopic female gametophyte that contains egg. After pollination, ovule develops seed. |
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Conifer dispersal method |
Wind. Seeds usually winged |
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Angiosperms |
Flowering plants . Most diverse . Can be found both on land and in Marine habitats |
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Characteristics of angiosperms |
Vary in size. Covered seeds, high developed vascular tissue, dominant sporophyte dependent gametophyte stage, produce pollen and seeds. |
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Dominant stage of bryophyte |
Gametophyte |
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Dominant stage of angiosperms |
Sporophyte |
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Repr I was oduction of angiosperms |
Both sexual and asexual. Similar to conifers. Gametophytes contained to a periodically-made part of sporophyte. The gametophytes form flowers. |
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Where are the reproductive organs of angiosperms and what are they |
In the flower. Stamens (male) and pistils (female) both produce gametes |
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Where are the male and female parts of angiosperms. |
In flower. Some have both in each flower, some have separate mle md female flowers |
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What are flowers |
Reproductive shoots composed of many different parts. Floral parts arranged in whorls |
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Define anther |
Pollen-bearing part of stamen |
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Define calyx and function |
All the sepals of a flower . Protects immature flower as it develops |
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Define corolla and function |
Inner whorl of petals. Attracts pollinators |
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Define filament |
Narrow part of stamen which supports anther |
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Define ovary |
Female reproductive organ containing eggs |
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Define petal |
Modified leaves that surround reproductive part |
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Define pistil and function |
Female part of flower, consisting of stigma, style and ovary . Stigma traps pollen, ovary holds eggs, style holds stigma
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Define receptacle |
Part of flower stalk where parts of flower are attached |
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Define sepal |
Outer parts of flower (often green and leaf like) covers outside of bud |
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Define stamen and function |
Male part of flower produces pollen consisting of anther and filament. |
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Define stigma |
Enlarged sticky area in end of style which receives pollen |
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Define style |
Slender part of pistil which connects stigma with ovary |
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Number of petals and sepals in monocots |
Multiples of 3. |
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Number of petals and sepals in dicots |
Multiples of 4 or 5 |
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Characteristics of edicots |
2 cotyledons, 3 pores in pollen grains, Flowers in multiples of 4 or 5 |
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Pollen grains in angiosperms |
Hard outer coat. Protects gametophytes during transport from stamen to pistil |
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Pollen grains in gymnosperms |
Hard coat protects transport from mal to female cones |
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Function of pollen |
Fertilises female eggs to produce new seeds |
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Hat did terrestrial plants evolve from |
Algae |
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How long ago did plants move to land |
500 million years ago |
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Why is land hard to colonise for plants |
Is an extreme habitat. Temp and moisture changes abruptly. Reproduction is hard. |
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How did plants evolve for life on land |
Plants evolved pollen grains. The pollen gained a protective coating to protect sperm from drying out. Developed true roots to absorb water and minerals, developed vascular tissue, energy storage, leave that could breathe. |
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What happens when pollen grains get into stigma |
They germinate in sugary solution and produce pollen tube into ovary. Zygote is created.embryo grows in ovary. |
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What is the function of pollen |
Fertilises female eggs to produce new seeds |
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Do bees eat pollen |
Yes, bee bread. |
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Is a vector required for self pollination |
No |
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Is a vector required for cross pollination |
Yes |
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Do the anther and stigma mature at the same time |
Only in self pollinating plants, because the stigma is needed to catch pollen made by Anther. In Cross pollinating plants mature separately. |
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Why can't sone plants pollinate themselves |
Because of their inability to set seeds |
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Genetic makeup of cross versus self pollinating offspring |
Cross pollinators have good genetic diversity, self ones don't |
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How do some plants avoid self pollination |
Will have the stigma above the stamen or vice versa |
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What happens to flower parts after fertilization |
Sepals, petals and stamens dry up and fall off. |
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Types of seed dispersal mechanisms |
Animals, wind, hydraulic expulsion, water, parent |
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Geocarpy |
Protects seeds in harsh areas. Ie peanut plant buries seeds underground |
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Things to think about with distance from parent to seed |
Competition, genetic diversity, target locations, seed dispersal and colonisation |
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Vegetative reproduction |
Cloning in angiosperms. No gamete involved. Plants produces have identical genomes. Parts of plant produce roots and become independent . Ie lilypads |
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Stolons |
Runners. Ie strawberry. Grow daughter plants from runners. |
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Rhizomes |
Horizontal stems grown underground. Swollen tip is tuber. Ie potatoes. |