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121 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the two types of hyperkaratosis?
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Ortho and parakeratosis
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What are the main categories (think layers) of skin that can react to injury?
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Epidermis
Dermis Subcutis Adnexa |
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T or F:
Nuclei are present in the keratinocytes with orthokeratosis. |
False! This describes parakaratosis!
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Does this image depict ortho or parakaratosis?
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Orthokaratosis (note the anuclear keratinocytes)
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Does this image depict ortho or parakaratosis?
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Parakaratosis (note the nucleated keratinocytes)
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T or F:
Hypergranulosis is a characteristic of orthokeratosis. |
False! HYPOgranulosis (anuclear) is a characteristic of parakaratosis.
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What is the most important piece of information to determine if a sample is normal skin or shows epidermal hyperplasia?
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Need location of biopsy
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Premature keratinization is also known as...
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...DYSKERATOSIS
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Abnormal development or abnormal maturation describes which process?
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Dysplasia
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What are some histologic hallmarks of apoptosis?
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Condensed nucleus
Hypereosinophilic cytoplasm |
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What process do the structures indicated by the arrows depict?
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Dyskeratosis (dysplasia of keratin)
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Is the edema in this image intracellular or intercellular? What is the specific name for this condition?
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Intercellular edema = spongiosis
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Does this image depict intracellular or intercellular fluid accumulation? What is the term for this process?
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Intercellular fluid accumulation
Degeneration (in this case both ballooning and vacuolar degenaration) |
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Let's play ballooning or vacuolar degeneration...
...occurs basally. |
Vacuolar
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Let's play ballooning or vacuolar degeneration...
...occurs superficially. |
Ballooning
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Let's play ballooning or vacuolar degeneration...
...associated with autoimmune disorders. |
Vacuolar
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Let's play ballooning or vacuolar degeneration...
...associated with viral or metabolic disease. |
Ballooning
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Disruption of intercellular connections is known as...
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...acantholysis
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This is a flippin' sweet example of what type of lesion?
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Vesicle
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What type of lesion does "Gramma" depict? How about her "coccyx"?
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Gramma = pustule
Coccyx = crust |
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What is the main difference between a vesicle and a pustule?
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A pustule contains cells (neutrophils)
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Dried exudate is also known as...
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...crust
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The transmigration of leukocytes through the epidermis is also known as...
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...exocytosis
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What are three reactions to skin injury that involve pigmentation?
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hyperpigmentation
hypopigmentation pigmentary incontinence |
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Melanophages in the superficial dermis describes which process?
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Pigmentary incontinence
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Which layer must be damaged in order for there to be pigmentary incontinence?
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Stratum basale and basement membrane (allows melanocytes through to be phagocytosed)
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T or F:
Pigmentary incontinence is usually a chronic process. |
True! Due to chronic irritation or inflammation
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T or F:
Hypopigmentation can be genetic OR acquired. |
True
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What are four reactions to injury that involve dermal collagen? Which is chiefly a genetic defect?
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Hyalinization
Lysis Atrophy Dysplasia (genetic) |
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What is the chain of events leading to pachyderma or elephantiasis in the dermis?
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Fibroplasia > fibrosis > sclerosis > pachyderma/elephantiasis
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What does the blue arrow depict? The purple arrow? What tissue does each involve?
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Blue = Solar elastosis (elastic fibers)
Purple = fibrosis (collagen) |
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What are some abnormal dermal deposits that can occur?
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Amyloid
Lipids Mineralization (Calcium) Mucin |
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An acquired mucinous dermal deposit is known as...
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...myxedema
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What exudates are possible in dermal inflammation? (hint - there are 6)
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histiocytic/granulomatous
suppurative eosinophilic lymphoplasmacytic necrotizing fibrosing |
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What are the four causes of disease in dermatopathology? Which is most important?
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(in order of most to least important)
a. Bacterial b. Fungal c. Parasitic d. Viral infxn |
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There are three portals of entry for skin infections. What are they?
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Follicular
Hematogenous Direct (penetration) |
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How are pyodermas classified?
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By depth of infection
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What is the most common type of pyoderma?
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Superficial pyoderma
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Puppy pyoderma is better known as..
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...superficial staphylococcal pyoderma
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A flat or level color change within the skin is also known as a(n)...
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...macule
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A solid dermal or epidermal elevation that is <1cm is also known as a(n)...
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...papule
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A solid dermal or epidermal elevation that is >1cm is also known as a(n)...
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...nodule
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An elevation due to dermal edema is also known as a(n)...
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...wheal
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In which layer does edema form causing a wheal?
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In stratum papillare of dermis
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A fluid-filled elevation that is <1cm is known as a(n)...
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...vesicle
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A fluid-filled elevation that is >1cm is known as a(n)...
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Bulla
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A cell-filled elevation is known as a(n)...
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pustule
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What cell type usually fills a pustule?
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Granulocytes (neutrophils mostly)
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What is a multichambered pustule called?
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A pock
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Tightly clustured pustules is known as...
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...impetigo
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T or F:
Crust is a secondary lesion. |
True
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What are some common secondary skin lesions?
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Crust
Scale Erosion Ulcer Fissure |
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What are some follicular responses to injury? (hint; there are 6)
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Hyperkaratosis
Atrophy Arrest in phase of cycle Dysplasia Folliculitis Furunculosis |
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What are the three types of folliculitis?
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Luminal
Mural Perifollicular |
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Follicular destruction due to inflammation is known as...
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...furunculosis
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What are some common bacterial pathogens causing superficial pyoderma?
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Staphlyococci
Streptococci Corynebacterium Actinomyces Dermatophilus |
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What mediates type I hypersensitivity?
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IgE
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What mediates type II hypersensitivity?
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IgG or IgM
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What mediates type III hypersensitivity?
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immune complex + IgG or IgM
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What mediates type IV hypersensitivity?
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Cell-mediated (CD4+ or CD8+ lymphocytes)
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Anaphylaxis is another name for which type of hypersensitivty? What cell type is primarily mobilized?
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Type I
Mast Cells |
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What event causes the massive degranulation of mast cells in type I hypersensitivity?
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Antibody bridging
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What are some common type I hypersensitivity syndromes?
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Urticaria (hives)
atopic dermatitis food + parasite hypersensitivity anaphylaxis |
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What type of hypersensitivity features direct cytotoxicity via complement activation?
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Type II (autoimmune diseases)
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What are some autoimmune skin diseases involving type II hypersensitivity?
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Pemphigus complex
Bullous pemphigoid |
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What are some examples of type III hypersensitivity?
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Systemic Lupus Erythematous (SLE)
Hemorrhagic Purpura (Strept. equi) |
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What are some examples of type IV hypersensitivity reactions?
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Fungal dermatitis + Tbc reaction
Atopic dermatitis Contact hypersensitivity, Graft-versus-host |
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What type(s) of hypersensitivity does urticaria usually involve?
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Type I and III
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T or F:
Acute urticaria involves wheals while chronic urticaria involves papules. |
True!
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The increased vascular permeability shown in cutaneous hypersensitivity is called __________ when dermal and _________when subcutaneous.
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urticaria (dermal)
angioedema (subcutaneous) |
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Which species are commonly afflicted with urticaria/angioedema?
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horse and dog
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What will be seen histologically with urticaria/angioedema?
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mast cells
eosinophils subepidermal edema |
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How is the antigen introduced into the body in atopic dermatitis?
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inhaled or percutaneously absorbed
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What type of hypersensitivity is involved in atopic dermatitis? In which animals is this commonly seen?
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Mostly type I (maybe type IV)
dogs, cats, horses |
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What is the primary clinical sign of atopic dermatitis (grossly)?
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pruritis and self trauma from scratching
alopecia |
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What are common allergens involved in atopic dermitis?
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dust mites
pollen bacteria |
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What are histopathologic features of acute atopic dermatitis? chronic?
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eosiniphilic dermatitis (acute)
hyperplastic epidermis (chronic) |
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A food allergy is an example of which type of hypersensitivity? In which domestic species is this common?
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Type I
kats and dawgs |
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What is the macroscopic presentation of a food allergy?
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pruritis of the ventral abdomen and thorax
cats often involve the head |
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What is the histopathologic presentation of a food allergy?
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Perivascular dermatitis with large numbers of eosinophils and neutrophils, mast cells
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What type of hypersensitivity is associated with an insect bite?
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Type I and IV
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There are multiple factors (7) that cause pathological changes in the skin. What are they?
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1. Congenital/heriditary dz
2. Reactions to injury 3. Environmentally-related dz 4. metabolic/nutritional dz 5. hypersensitivity/autoimmune 6. infectious dz 7. neoplasms |
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What are three major differentials when dealing with bacterial skin diseases?
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Pyoderma
Bacterial granulomas Toxin producing bacteria (systemic or localized) |
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Which species are commonly afflicted with dermatophilosis? What is a major sign grossly?
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Horses, sheep and cattle
WET hair coat |
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What are some differentials to keep in mind for greasy pig disease?
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Exudative dermatitis caused by S. hyicus
Parakeratosis diatatica (Zn deficiency) Epidermitis exsudativa Cutaneous strongyloidosis Scabies |
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What are two major categories of deep pyoderma?
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Folliculitis/furunculosis
Abscesses |
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What is the major pathogenic factor involved in furunculosis?
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Rupture of follicle causes release of keratin which serves as a nidus for an extraordinary inflammatory response
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What is the major pathogenic genus in bacterial granulomatous dermatitis? What species does it commonly affect? Is there zoonotic potential?
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Mycobacterium spp. affects cats; can be zoonotic
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What causes pigeon fever in horses?
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Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
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What is a major cause of diamond skin disease in pigs? Is this zoonotic?
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Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae; zoonotic potential!
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What are some major genera causing systemic infections involving the skin?
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Streptococcus
Staphylococcus Erysipelothrix Clostridium |
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What is the most common fungal pathogen causing cutaneous mycoses?
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Microsporum spp. (Ringworm)
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Name three genera of fungi causing superficial dermatitis?
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Candida
Malassezia Microsporum |
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Why are subcutaneous mycoses difficult to treat? What is an example of an agent causing subcutaneous mycosis?
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very destructive!
Sporothrix schenckii |
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What viral disease strikes rabbits? What are the signs?
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Myxomatosis presents with bletheral and genital myxedema and appendicitis
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What condition does parapoxvirus cause in animals? In humans? When is it fatal?
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Ecthyma contagiosum (fatal when interferes with suckling feeding)
Orf in humans |
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T or F:
Beak and feather disease is caused by the avian pox virus. |
False!
By the beak and feather disease virus! |
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What are some signs of canine distemper infection?
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Demyelinating encephalitis
Interstitial pneumonia Necrotizing enteritis Impetigo (secondary) Hyperkeratosis of foot pads and planum nasale |
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What is another name for vesicular dermatitis? What is it caused by?
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Foot and Mouth Disease;
Caused by a picornavirus (FMDV) |
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What does ovine herpesvirus 2 cause?
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Malignant catarrhal fever
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What should a major differential be for deep suppurative dermatitis and panniculitis?
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Bacterial (S. aureus)
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What should a major differential be for deep eosinophilic dermatitis and panniculitis?
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Parasitic (Habronema spp. larvae)
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What should a major differential be for deep granulomatous dermatitis and panniculitis?
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Fungal infection
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What genus of parasitic mite has zoonotic potential?
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Sarcoptidae
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T or F:
Discoid lupus erythematous affects only the skin. |
True!
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What are the possible epithelial tumors of the skin?
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Papilloma
Trichoblastoma Squamous cell carcinoma Apocrine gland tumor Hair follicle tumor cyst |
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What skin tumor is common in young dogs? What is the prognosis?
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Cutaneous histiocytoma; might spontaneously regress
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Boxers are prone to which tumor type?
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Mast cell tumor
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Cats are prone to which iatrogenically-induced tumor? What is the prognosis?
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Vaccine-associated sarcoma
Pretty bad prognosis... |
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What is a common dermal to subcutaneous neoplasm in all dogs? What is the prognosis?
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Hemangioma; good prognosis with complete excision
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What is a common tumor in glabrous skin of dogs? What is the prognosis?
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Cutaneous hemangiosarcoma; good prognosis after removal
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Where are common regions to find visceral hemangiosarcomas in dogs? What is the prognosis?
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Heart (R. auricle), spleen, liver
Poor prognosis |
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T or F:
Oral melanomas are almost always malignant. |
True!
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What neoplasms are common in white horses?
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Melanomas
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What is the most common tumor in the horse? What is the cause of this tumor?
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Equine sarcoid; associated with bovine papillomavirus
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What are two common tumors of the nail bed in dogs?
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Squamous cell carcinoma
Melanoma |
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T or F:
Equine sarcoids do not metastasize. |
True
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What is a common neoplasm of all young animals?
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Papilloma
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What is remarkable about feline squamous cell carcinoma of the toe?
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Usually metastasized from a bronchocarcinoma
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Where are common regions to find squamous cell carcinoma in the horse?
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3rd eyelid, penis, vulva, udder
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Where are common regions to find squamous cell carcinoma in the sheep and cattle?
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eyelid (cancer eye)
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