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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
intramembranous bone formation
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process by which bone tissue is created. cartilage is not present.
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endochondral (intercartilaginous) bone formation
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process by which bone tissue is created. cartilage is present. long bones form and grow by this process. fractures heal by this process.
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primary center of ossification
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first site where ossification occurs. middle of diaphysis.
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periosteal collar
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cuff of periosteal bone that forms around the diaphysis of the hyaline cartilage model in developing long bones.
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periosteal bud
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vascular connective tissue from the periosteum growing through apertures in the periosteal bone collar into the cartilage matrix of the primary center of ossification.
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hypertrophy
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the increase in the volume of an organ or tissue due to the enlargement of its component cells.
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calcification
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process in which calcium salts build up in soft tissue, causing it to harden.
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ossification
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process of laying down new bone material by cells called osteoblasts. It is synonymous with bone tissue formation.
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osteogenesis
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production of bone.
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mixed spicule
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has a core of calcified cartilage that is covered by a layer of new bone.
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diaphysis
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main or mid section (shaft) of a long bone. It is made up of cortical bone and usually contains bone marrow and adipose tissue (fat).
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metaphysis
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wider portion of a long bone adjacent to the epiphyseal plate. It is this part of the bone that grows during childhood; as it grows, it ossifies near the diaphysis and the epiphyses.
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epiphysis
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rounded end of a long bone, at its joint with adjacent bone(s)
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epiphyseal plate
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a hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis at each end of a long bone. The plate is found in children and adolescents;
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growth plate
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another name for epiphyseal plate
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growth hormone
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peptide hormone that stimulates growth, cell reproduction and regeneration in humans and other animals.
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somatoropin
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growth hormone produced naturally in animals
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pituitary dwarfism
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Extreme shortness in humans with proportional body parts usually has a hormonal cause
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gigantism
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condition characterized by excessive growth and height significantly above average. In humans, this condition is caused by over-production of growth hormone in childhood before the long bone epiphyses
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acromegaly
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syndrome that results when the anterior pituitary gland produces excess growth hormone (GH) after epiphyseal plate closure at puberty.
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thyroxine
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form of thyroid hormones, is the major hormone secreted by the follicular cells of the thyroid gland.
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osteoclast-stimulating hormone
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parathyroid hormone (PTH)
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calcitonin
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linear polypeptide hormone that is produced in humans primarily by the parafollicular cells of thyroid. It acts to reduce blood calcium (Ca2+), opposing the effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH).
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parafollicular cells
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(also called C cells) are cells in the thyroid that produce and secrete calcitonin.
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C cells
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another name for parafollicular cells
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parathyroid hormone
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secreted by the chief cells of the parathyroid glands. acts to increase the concentration of calcium (Ca2+) in the blood
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parathyroid gland
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small endocrine glands in the neck that produce parathyroid hormone. control the amount of calcium in the blood and within the bones.
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rickets
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softening of bones in children due to deficiency or impaired metabolism of vitamin D, magnesium,[1] phosphorus or calcium,[2] potentially leading to fractures and deformity.
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osteomalacia
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softening of the bones caused by defective bone mineralization secondary to inadequate amounts of available phosphorus and calcium, or because of overactive resorption of calcium from the bone as a result of hyperparathyroidism. called rickets in children
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osteoporosis
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disease of bones that leads to an increased risk of fracture.
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osteopetrosis
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literally "stone bone", also known as marble bone disease and Albers-Schonberg disease is an extremely rare inherited disorder whereby the bones harden, becoming denser
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scurvy
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disease resulting from a deficiency of vitamin C, which is required for the synthesis of collagen in humans.
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vitamin D3
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synthesized by humans in the skin when it is exposed to ultraviolet B (UVB) rays from sunlight.maintain normal blood levels of calcium and phosphorus. aids in the absorption of calcium, helping to form and maintain strong bones.
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1,25-dihydroxycholecaclciferol
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hormonally active form of vitamin D with three hydroxyl groups. It increases the level of calcium (Ca2+) in the blood by (1) increasing the uptake of calcium from the gut into the blood, (2) decreasing the transfer of calcium from blood to the urine by the kidney, and (3) increasing the release of calcium into the blood from bone
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diarthroses
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Any of several types of bone articulation permitting free motion in a joint, as that of the shoulder or hip.
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synarthroses
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A form of articulation in which the bones are rigidly joined by fibrous tissue.
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synostosis
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means fusion of two bones, it can be normal in puberty, fusion of the epifyse, or abnormal (type of dysostosis).
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synchondrosis
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cartilaginous joint where the connecting medium is hyaline cartilage. e.g. where rib meets sternum.
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syndesmosis
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slightly movable articulation where the contiguous bony surfaces are united by an interosseous ligament
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synovial fluids
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viscous fluid found in the cavities of synovial joints
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