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142 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Tunica Internal |
Internal layer, comes in contact with blood |
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Tunica Media |
Middle layer of smooth muscle, controls size of blood vessel |
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Tunica Externa |
Outer layer of tough connected tissue |
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Lumen |
Hollow, interior space that holds blood |
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How big is the lumen of a vein |
Twice as large as the lumen of an arterie |
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Divergent Vessels |
Branch out and get smaller |
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Pressure Reserviors |
Briefly store pressure generated by the heart |
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Deep Vessels |
Lie close to the bone |
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Arterioles |
Microscopic arteries, regulate flow of blood into capillaries |
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Metarteriole |
Connection between artery and vein that is always open |
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Precapillary Sphincters |
Muscles that control access to the capillaries |
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Capillaries |
The only place where stuff can get in and out of the blood stream. |
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Site of internal gas exchange |
Where oxygen gets out of blood vessel and CO2 comes in |
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Capillary beds |
Large groups of capillaries |
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Leaky vessels |
Stuff is supposed to get in and out, only 1 cell layer |
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Continuous |
Narrow slits between cells |
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Fenestrated |
Additional pores in the capillary, very common in kidneys |
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Sinusoid |
Allows large cells to get in or out of the bloodstream, found in bone marrow |
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Splreen |
Removes dead or dying cells |
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Venuoles |
Microscopic veins, white blood cells can get out |
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Veins |
Large blood cells that carry blood cells to the heart |
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Veins get ____? |
Larger as blood flows through them |
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Skeletal Muscle pumps |
Active muscles compress veins, increase pressure
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Respiratory accessory pump |
Expansion of muscles in the chest |
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Skeletal muscle perfusion |
Active 20-85% of cardiac output |
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Heart perfusion |
Small increase of blood flow to heart with activity |
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Brain perfusion |
No change in blood flow |
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Kidneys + GI Tract |
Blood flow decreases with activity |
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Coronary arteries |
Supply blood to the heart muscle |
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Brachioephalic |
Supplies blood to the arms and head
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External cartoids |
Supply blood to the face and neck |
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Internal cartoids |
Supply blood to brain and eyes |
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Carotid Sinus |
Monitors blood pressure and CO2 levles in blood
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Descending thoracic aorta |
Part of aorta located in chest |
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Axillary arteries |
In armpit |
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Brachial arteries |
Upper arm |
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Radial + Ulnar arteries |
Arms |
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Celliac artery |
Supplies blood to liver, pancreas, gallbladder, blood, spleen. |
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Superior Mesanteric Arteries |
Supplies blood to all of the small intestine and 2/3 of the large intestine
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Inferior Mesanteric |
Supplies blood to last third of the large intestine |
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Internal illiac arteries |
Supplies blood to pelvis |
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External illiac |
Supplies blood to legs |
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Femoral artery |
Supplies blood to legs |
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Paplitiel artery |
Supplies blood behind legs |
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Tibial artery |
Lower legs |
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External jugular |
Drain blood from face and neck
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Internal jugular |
Drain blood from brain and eyes |
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Radial and ulmar veins |
Supply blood to lower arm |
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Anterior tibial and fibular vein |
Supply blood to lower leg |
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Popilitiel vein |
Drains blood from lower leg |
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Femoral Vein |
Veins in the upper legs |
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External illiac vein |
Drain blood from legs |
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Internal illiac vein |
Drain blood from pelvis |
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Common illiac veins |
Merge to form inferior venicuela |
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Inferior menteric vein |
Drains blood from final third of large intestine |
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Superior mesentoric |
Drains blood from 2/3 of large intestine and all of small intestine. |
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Aneurysm |
A ballooned and weakened area in the artery
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HTN |
High Blood Pressure |
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Essential Blood Pressure |
140/90+ |
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Malignant Blood Pressure |
200/120+ |
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Circulatory Shock |
When all of the blood vessels suddenly dilate |
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Anaphylactic Shock |
Triggered by allergens |
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Functions of the Lymphoid System |
-Regulate body tissue fluid -Defend the body because it is filled with lymphohostes -Absorption |
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Lymphatic Organs |
-Liver -Bone Marrow -Thymus -Spleen |
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White Pulp
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Many white blood cells that remove damaged red blood cells from circulation |
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Red pulp
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Store red blood cells for an emergency |
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Reconditions blood |
Helps rejuvenate blood |
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Kidneys |
Remove waste from blood |
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Lungs |
Remove CO2 and add O2 |
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Lymphangitis |
Inflammation of a vessel |
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Lymphedena |
Swelling due to a blocked vessel |
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Lymphadenitis |
Inflammation of the lymph nodes |
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Lymphoid Organs |
-Liver -Bone Marrow -Thymus -Spleen |
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Innate Defenses |
Work very fast, non specific |
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Adaptive Defenses |
Found only in vertebrates, programmable defenses, slower. Waits until host is sick to kick in but provide lifelong immunity |
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Acidic Mantle |
Sweat, other secretions |
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Lacrimal Fluid |
Tears, contain anti-bodies |
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Internal mucous membrane
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Skin around urinary and digestive tract |
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Digestive Tract |
Living skin inside the body. Saliva has a lot of anti-bodies |
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Portals of Entry |
-Oral -Nasal -Urethral -Anus -Vaginal |
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Phagocytes |
White blood cells that consume pathogens |
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Monocytes |
Attack paracytes |
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Neutrophills |
Attack abnormal body cells |
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Eosinophil |
A white blood cell containing granules that are readily stained by eosin. |
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Inflammation response |
Chemical messengers released Vasodilation Phagocyte invasion |
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Vasodilation |
Blood vessels expand, brings more blood and white blood cells |
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Phagocyte invasion
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White blood cells exiting the circulatory system
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Erythema |
Redness of the skin due to increased blood flow |
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Local edena |
Swelling, increased blood flow |
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Specificity |
Recognizes foreign entities |
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Tolerance |
Recognition of self wbcs attack body cause auto immune diseases |
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Versatility |
Ability to produce matching anti-bodies to match foreign antigen |
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Genetic |
Innate immunity |
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Acquired |
Specific defenses for immune response |
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Active immunity |
Immunity that develops due to exposure to a disease |
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Passive immunity |
Borrowed from another organism |
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Natural Passive immunity |
Bacteria, breast milk
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Induced passive immunity |
Vaccination |
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Passive |
When you acquire a disease in your environment |
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Active |
When you are given a weakened or dead pathogen |
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Monocyte |
Digests a foreign antigen or virus |
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When exposed to a foreign anigen a monocyte can become |
An Antogen Presenting Cell |
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Activate T+B cell |
Activate nonspecific defenses |
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Cytotonic T Cell |
Kill virally infected cells |
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Suppressor T Cell
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Inhibit T+B cell, inhibit innate defenses |
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Memory T cell |
Secondary immune response |
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Blumphosytes |
Plasma B cells, only cells in the body that make anti-bodies |
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Free existing pathogens |
75% of the immune response |
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IgM
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Primary immune response, first exposure to disease. Blood/Tissue incompatibility. Primary immune response, slow to get started weak |
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IgG |
Secondary immune response, lifelong immunity. Very fast overwhelming |
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IgA |
Passive immune response |
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IgE |
Allergic mutations, the strongest information responses |
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Pathogenic cells |
Disease causing cells
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What percentage of bacteria are benign |
95%
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Enbacteria |
Cause disease |
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Bacilli |
Oval shaped |
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Cocci |
Sphere shaped |
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Staghloccous |
Clusters of irregular bacteria |
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Streptoccous |
Chain of bacteria |
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Diploccous |
Pairs of bacteria |
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Gram positive cell wall
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Resistant, thick cell wall |
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Gram negative cell wall |
Thin cell wall, two membranes |
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Antibiotics |
Only used to treat bacterial infections |
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PCNs |
Penicillin, oldest antibiotics. All inhibit production of cell wall, makes bacteria easier to kill. |
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Cephalosporins |
Poisonous to bacteria |
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Macrelides |
Inhibit protein synthesis |
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Quinolones |
Inhibit DNA synthesis
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Sulfonomides |
Disrupt bacteria metabolic pathways
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Capcid |
Protective protein coat |
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Retroviruses |
Has some protein coat, but instead of DNA has a chunk of RNA, viruses that cause cancer |
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Host tissues |
Specific tissues that are infected by a virus |
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Emerging Viruses |
Capable of infecting a human and infect another human |
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Antigen Shift |
Large mutation in a virus |
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Fusion inhibitors |
Block entry of a virus into a cell |
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Intense inhibitors
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Blocks insertion of viral DNA |
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Protease Inhibitors |
Anti-viral drugs used to fight HIV/AIDS |
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Neramnase inhibitors |
Lock up viruses |
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Prions |
Proteins only that cause disease |
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Viroids |
Naked DNA moleucules that cause disease |
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Hypersensitivity |
Allergy |
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Immunodeficiency diseases |
Severe combined immunou no defining syndrome |
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Autoimmune diesease |
Attacking body's own cells, always triggered by an infection first |