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225 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The _________ is a cloud of gas and suspended solids extending from the Earth's surface out many thousands of miles, becoming increasingly thinner with distance but always held by Earth's gravitational pull. (3) |
atmosphere |
|
Name the five layers that Earth's atmosphere is subdivided into. (4) |
*Troposphere *Stratosphere *Mesosphere *Thermosphere *Exosphere |
|
In which two layers of atmosphere do virtually all aircraft fly? (4) |
Troposphere and lower stratosphere |
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What is the lowest layer of the Earth's atmosphere? (5)
|
Troposphere |
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Which layer of Earth's atmosphere contains almost all clouds and precipitation? (5) |
Troposphere |
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In which layer of Earth's atmosphere does air pressure and density decrease with altitude? (5) |
Troposphere |
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In which layer of Earth's atmosphere does temperature generally decrease with altitude? (5) |
Troposphere |
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An ________ in temperature with altitude is abnormal and is defined as an inversion. (5) |
increase |
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What is the average depth of the Troposphere? (5) |
36,000 ft. It varies though due to temperature variations associated with latitude and season. |
|
The tropopause is the boundary between which two layers of Earth's atmosphere? (5) |
Troposphere and Stratosphere |
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The stratosphere extends from the tropopause up to ________ miles above the Earth's surface. (5) |
31 |
|
In the stratosphere, temperature ________ with altitude. (5) |
increases |
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Which layer of Earth's atmosphere is generally devoid of significant weather and is a stable layer? (5) |
Stratosphere |
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Thunderstorm tops can extend into the Earth's lower ________. (5) |
stratosphere |
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________ is a hypothetical vertical distribution of the atmospheric temperature, pressure, and density. (6) |
Standard Atmosphere |
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Name four things that Standard Atmosphere is used for. (6) |
*Pressure altimeter calibrations *Aircraft performance calculations *Aircraft design *Weather-related processes |
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What is the selected property of the Standard Atmosphere for sea level pressure? (6) |
29.92 inches of mercury |
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What is the selected property of the Standard Atmosphere for sea level temperature? (6) |
15°C/59°F |
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What is the selected property of the Standard Atmosphere for the decrease of temperature with height (lapse rate) in the Troposphere? (6) |
2°C/3.5°F per 1,000 ft |
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What is the selected property of the Standard Atmosphere for the pressure altitude of the Tropopause? (6) |
36,000 ft (FL360) |
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What are the relatively strong winds concentrated within a narrow, horizontal band in the upper troposphere? (7) |
Jet Stream |
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What are the two commonly identified jet streams? (7) |
*Polar Jet Stream, located between 30° and 60° latitude *Subtropical Jet Stream, located between 20° and 40° latitude |
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Which jet stream is farther north? Polar or Subtropical? (7) |
Polar |
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The jet stream flows from ________ to ________. (7) |
west; east |
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What could cause the jet stream to shift to the north and south? (7) |
Weather systems and seasonal changes |
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True or False: Jet streams are associated with the boundaries between hot and cold air. (7) |
True |
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In what season are jet streams the strongest? (7) |
Winter |
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What type of turbulence do jet streams often produce? (7) |
Clear Air Turbulence (CAT) |
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________ is water in the invisible gaseous form. (9) |
Water vapor |
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Evaporation is the change of liquid water to ________. (9) |
water vapor |
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Sublimation is the change of ________ to water vapor. (9) |
ice |
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What is water vapor the raw material for? (9) |
Clouds and precipitation |
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What percentage of the atmosphere does water vapor make up? (9) |
Trace amounts to 4% by volume |
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Approximately half of the water vapor in the Earth's atmosphere is found below ________ AGL. (9) |
6,500 |
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________ is a measure of the hotness or coldness of the air. (9) |
Temperature |
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The air's capacity to hold water vapor is directly related to its ________. (9) |
temperature |
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________ air can hold more water vapor than ________ air. (9) |
Warm; cold |
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Saturation is the maximum possible quantity of water vapor that a parcel can hold at any given ________ and ________. (10) |
temperature; pressure |
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________ means an air parcel contains all the water vapor it can hold. (10) |
Saturated |
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________ means an air parcel has the capacity to hold more water vapor. (10) |
Unsaturated |
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________ is the temperature to which a given parcel of air must be cooled at constant pressure and constant water vapor content in order for saturation to occur. (10) |
Dew point |
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Higher dew points at a location generally indicate ________ quantities of water vapor. (10) |
higher |
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________ is the ratio, usually expressed as a percentage, of water vapor actually in the air compared to the amount of water vapor the air could hold at a particular temperature and pressure. (10) |
Relative humidity |
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Relative humidity does not indicate the actual water vapor content of the air, but rather how close the air is to ________. (10) |
saturation |
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The difference between air temperature and ________ is popularly called the "spread." (11) |
dew point temperature |
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When the temperature-dew point spread ________, relative humidity ________. (11) |
decreases; increases |
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When the temperature-dew point spread ________, the air becomes saturated, and condensation will form dew or fog. (11) |
decreases to zero |
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________ is the change of water vapor to liquid water. (11) |
Condensation |
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When the ________ decreases to zero, the air becomes ________, and condensation will form dew, fog, or clouds. (12) A. dew point, saturated B. temperature-dew point spread, saturated C. condensation, unsaturated |
B |
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A visible mass of tiny water droplets and/or ice particles in the atmosphere above the Earth's surface is called a ________. (13) |
cloud |
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Clouds form when air is ________ to its dew point and becomes ________. (13) |
cooled; saturated |
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The most common way a cloud forms is via ________ of water vapor in ________ air currents. (13) |
condensation; rising |
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A parcel of rising air ________ and ________ as pressure decreases with altitude. (14) |
expands and cools |
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A cloud will form if given sufficient ________ to achieve ________. (14) |
lift; saturation |
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The parcel cools because expansion requires energy, or work, which takes ________ away from the parcel and ________ it. (14) |
heat; cools |
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Rising ________ air parcels. (14) |
cools |
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Sinking ________ air parcels. (15) |
warms |
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A parcel of sinking air warms as it encounters ________ pressure and is ________. (15) |
increasing; compressed |
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A cloud will quickly ________ due to sinking air. (15) |
dissipate |
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During cloud formation, the temperature dew-point spread ________. (14) |
decreases |
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During cloud dissipation, the temperature-dew point spread ________. |
increases |
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Name the three cloud forms. (16) |
*Cirriform *Cumuliform *Stratiform |
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Name the type of cloud form described below (16): -High-level clouds which form above 20,000 ft -Usually composed of ice crystals -Typically thin and white in appearance -Contains no significant icing |
Cirriform |
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Name the type of cloud form described below (16): -Resembles white fluffy cotton balls or heaps -Indicates upward vertical motion or thermal uplift of air -Tops can reach over 60,000 ft -May produce icing, turbulence, and other hazards |
Cumuliform |
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Name the type of cloud form described below (16): -Consists of a featureless low layer that can cover sky -Often produces widespread IFR weather -Little or no turbulence, but can produce icing |
Stratiform "Stratus" is Latin for "layer" or "blanket" |
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The prefix nimbo or the suffix nimbus means ________. (16) |
raincloud |
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________ is air in motion relative to the surface of the Earth. (17) |
Wind |
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The ________ component of wind is typically very small compared to the ________ component. (17) |
vertical; horizontal |
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True or False: Wind is not very important in the formation and dissipation of clouds and precipitation. (17) |
False |
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What cloud often produces widespread IFR weather? (16) A. Cirriform B. Stratiform C. Cumuliform |
B |
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________ pressure is a maximum of atmospheric pressure on a surface weather chart; also known as an anti-cyclone. (18) |
High |
|
________ pressure is a minimum of atmospheric pressure on a surface weather chart; also known as a cyclone. (18) |
Low |
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Air flow around a high ________ in a clockwise motion and ________. (18) |
diverges; sinks |
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Sinking air ________ and ________. (18) |
compresses; warms |
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Warming air can hold more water vapor so clouds tend to ________. (18) |
evaporate |
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Air flow around a low ________ in a counterclockwise motion and ________. (19) |
converges; rises |
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Rising air ________ and ________. (19) |
expands; cools |
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________ air can hold less water vapor so some of the invisible vapor may eventually condense into clouds and precipitation. (19) |
Cooling |
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An ________ is a large body of air that has similar horizontal temperature and moisture characteristics. (20) |
air mass |
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What are the regions called where air masses originate and acquire their properties of temperature and moisture? (20) |
Air Mass Source Regions |
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What are the three temperature properties of an air mass? (20) |
*Arctic (A) *Polar (P) *Tropical (T) |
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Which temperature property of an air mass is an extremely deep cold air mass which develops mostly in winter over arctic surfaces of ice and snow? (20) |
Arctic (A) |
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Which temperature property of an air mass is a relatively shallow cool to cold air mass which develops over high latitudes? (20) |
Polar (P) |
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Which temperature property of an air mass is a warm to hot air mass which develops over low latitudes? (20) |
Tropical (T) |
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What are the two moisture properties of an air mass? (20) |
*Continental (c) *Maritime (m) |
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Which moisture property of an air mass is a dry air mass which develops over land? (20) |
Continental (c) |
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Which moisture property of an air mass is a moist air mass which develops over water? (20) |
Maritime (m) |
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Which two air masses are described as cold and dry? (21) |
Continental Arctic (cA) Continental Polar (cP) |
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Which air mass is described as hot and dry? (21)
|
Continental Tropical (cT) |
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Which air mass is described as cool and moist? (21) |
Maritime Polar (mP) |
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Which air mass is described as warm and moist? (21) |
Maritime Tropical (mT) |
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A ________ air mass moving over a ________ surface often produces unstable air. (22) |
cold; warm |
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What type of air mass is associated with turbulence, good visibility, and cumuliform clouds and showers? (22) |
Cold |
|
A ________ air mass moving over a ________ surface often produces stable air. (23) |
warm; cold |
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What type of air mass is associated with smooth air, poor visibility, stratiform clouds, fog, and drizzle? (23) |
Warm |
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What type of front is this? (24) |
Cold front
|
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A ________ is a boundary or transition zone between two air masses of different density, and thus, (usually) of different temperature. (24) |
front |
|
What type of front is this? (24) |
Warm front |
|
What type of front is this? (24) |
Stationary front |
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What type of front is this? (24) |
Occluded front |
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What type of front is a composite of two fronts as a cold front overtakes a warm or stationary front? (24) |
Occluded front |
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What type of front is a front which is stationary or nearly so? (24) |
Stationary front |
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What type of front is a front that moves in such a way that warmer air replaces colder air? (24) |
Warm front |
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What type of front is a front that move in such a way that colder air replaces warmer air? (24) |
Cold front |
|
True or False: Winds usually come together at the fronts. (25) |
True |
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True or False: Pressure typically increases as a front approaches and decreases after it passes. (25) |
False |
|
Significant ________ differences exist along frontal zones. (25) |
temperature |
|
What type of front is this? (26) |
Cold front |
|
What type of front is this? (26) |
Warm front |
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Cold fronts have a ________ slope and air is forced upward abruptly. (26) |
steep |
|
Warm fronts typically have a ________ slope so the air is rising along the frontal surface is gradual. (26) |
gentle |
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________ fronts typically move faster than ________ fronts. (27) |
Cold; warm |
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What type of front is this? (27) |
Occluded front |
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________ is any of the forms of water particles, whether liquid or sold, that fall from the atmosphere and reach the ground. (29) |
Precipitation |
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Precipitation formation requires what three ingredients? (30) |
*Water Vapor *Lift *Growth Process |
|
The ________ distribution of temperature will often determine the type of precipitation that occurs at the surface. (31) |
vertical |
|
________ is precipitation of snow crystals, mostly branched in the form of six-pointed stars. (31) |
Snow (SN) |
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Snow occurs when the temperature remains below ________ throughout the entire depth of the atmosphere. (31) |
freezing |
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What type of precipitation is forming in this graphic? (31) |
Snow |
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________ is precipitation of transparent or translucent pellets of ice, which are round or irregular, rarely conical, and which have a diameter of 0.2" (5mm) or less. Sometimes called "sleet". (32) |
Ice Pellets (PL) |
|
What type of precipitation is forming in this graphic? (32) |
Ice Pellets |
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Ice pellets occur when there is a ________ layer aloft with above freezing temperature, with a ________ layer of below freezing air based at the surface. (32) |
shallow; deep |
|
________ is rain that freezes on contact with the ground or exposed objects. (33) |
Freezing Rain (FZRA) |
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Freezing rain occurs when there is a ________ layer aloft with above freezing temperature, with a ________ layer of below freezing air at the surface. (33) |
deep; shallow |
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True or False: Freezing rain can begin as either rain or snow. (33) |
True But it all becomes rain in the warm layer |
|
What type of precipitation is forming in this graphic? (33) |
Freezing Rain |
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________ is precipitation, either in the form of drops larger than 0.02" (0.5mm), or smaller drops, which in contrast to drizzle, are widely separated. (34) |
Rain (RA) |
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Rain occurs when there is a ________ layer of above freezing air based at the surface. (34) |
deep |
|
What type of precipitation is forming in this graphic? (34) |
Rain |
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What are the four aviation weather products that the National Weather Service (NWS) issues? (37) |
*AIRMETS *SIGMETS *CONVECTIVE SIGMETS *TAFs |
|
The ________ provides weather, hydrologic, and climate forecasts and warning for the protection of life and property and the enhancement of the national economy. (36) |
National Weather Service (NWS) |
|
What are the three Meteorological Watch offices? (37) |
*Aviation Weather Center (SFO, SLC, CHI, BOS, DFW, MIA) *Alaska Aviation Weather Unit *Weather Forecast Office Honolulu |
|
How many Weather Forecast offices are there across the United States? (37) |
122 |
|
________ are NWS offices located in every ARTCC, providing meteorological consultation, forecasts, and advice to ARTCCs and other FAA facilities. (38) |
Center Weather Service Units (CWSUs) |
|
What type of information do the CWSUs provide to the ARTCC and other FAA facilities regarding weather impacts? (38) |
*Mission *Equipment outages and repairs *Staffing |
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The ________ is staffed by controllers and is the designated interface between CWSU meteorologists and who? (38) |
ARTCC controllers and FAA facilities within the ARTCC area of responsibility |
|
What do the CWSUs issue? |
Unscheduled Center Weather Advisories (CWAs) and Meteorological Impact Statements (MISs) |
|
________ is perhaps the most significant factor which affects the flow of air traffic and account for a significant percentage of all accidents. (1) |
Weather |
|
What is the second most significant fact that affects weather related accidents? (1) |
Visibility/ceilings |
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An aviation ________ is an atmospheric condition, when encountered in flight, can potentially cause damage to the aircraft, personal injury, a crash, or death. (3) |
weather hazard |
|
What are three factors that influence aviation weather safety? (3) |
*Pilot ratings and experience *Aircraft design and performance specifications *Onboard equipment |
|
Regarding pilot ratings and experience, which factors affect aviation weather safety? (3) |
*Instrument rating *Visual flight rules |
|
Regarding aircraft design and specifications, which factors affect aviation weather safety? (3) |
*Power *Speed *Range *Service ceiling |
|
Regarding onboard equipment, which factors affect aviation weather safety? (3) |
*De-ice/anti-ice *Navigational aids (NAVAIDs) *Autopilot *Radar *Lightning detector (Stormscope or Strikefinder) *Uplink weather |
|
________ is responsible for most weather-related accidents. (4) |
Adverse wind |
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________ and ________ are the most critical periods of any flight and are most susceptible to adverse winds. (4) |
Takeoff; landing |
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True or False: Adverse winds often trigger air traffic management decisions that aversely impact traffic. (4) |
True |
|
If there is only one runway, ________ determines which direction planes will land or whether they can land at all. (4) |
wind |
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Name the five different types of adverse wind phenomena. (4) |
*Crosswinds *Gusts *Tailwind *Variable wind *Sudden wind shift |
|
When used in aviation, a ________ refers to a wind that is not parallel to the runway or path of an aircraft. (5) |
crosswind |
|
Airplanes take off and land ________ efficiently when oriented into the wind. (5) |
more |
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As the wind turns more perpendicular to the runway to become a crosswind, airplane performance gradually ________. (5) |
degrades |
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If a pilot does not correctly compensate for the crosswind, what two things may happen? (5) |
*The aircraft may drift off the side of the runway *Side load on landing gear might occur, leading to gear collapse |
|
A ________ en-route can cause an aircraft to drift off its expected flight path, leading to navigation errors. (5) |
crosswind |
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A ________ is a sudden, brief increase in the speed of wind. (7) |
gust |
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A gust ________ airspeed, which ________ lift, and may cause an aircraft to briefly rise. (7) |
increases; increases |
|
Once a gust ends, a sudden ________ of airspeed occurs, which ________ lift and causes the aircraft to sink. (7) |
decreases, decreases |
|
A ________ is any wind more than 90° to the longitudinal axis of the runway. (8) |
tailwind |
|
With a tailwind, a ________ takeoff roll is required. (8) |
longer |
|
With a tailwind, a ________ ground speed is required to generate sufficient ________. (8) |
higher; lift |
|
With a tailwind, a ________ initial rate of climb occurs during takeoff. (8) |
smaller |
|
With a tailwind, a ________ landing roll is required. (8) |
longer |
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Wind direction is considered to be ________ when during the 2-minute evaluation period, it fluctuates by 60 degrees or more and the wind speed is more than 6 knots. (9) |
variable |
|
Wind direction may also be considered ________ if, during the 2-minute evaluation period, the wind speed is 6 knots or less. (9) |
variable |
|
A term applied to a change in wind direction of 45 degrees or more which takes place in less than 15 minutes and has sustained winds of 10 knots or more throughout the wind shift is called a ________. (9) |
wind shift |
|
A heading can quickly become a ________ or ________. (9) |
crosswind; tailwind |
|
________ airplanes are more affected by tailwinds and crosswinds during takeoff and landing than ________ airplanes. (10) |
small; large |
|
When an airplane is taking off into a headwind, gusts may cause it to ________. (11) A. drift off the side of the runway B. bounce on the runway C. roll off the end of the runway |
B |
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A variable wind can be hazardous on takeoff and landing because it could ________. (11) A. cause engine failure B. cause the pilot to experience vertigo C. quickly become a crosswind or tailwind |
C |
|
Which type of aircraft will perform better in adverse wind conditions, due to its higher takeoff and approach speeds? (11) A. Larger airplanes B. Smaller airplanes C. Helicopters |
A |
|
Continued ________ flight into ________ weather is the single greatest cause of fatal accidents. (13) |
visual; IFR |
|
Most aircraft accidents related to IFR weather involve pilots who are not ________. (13) |
instrument qualified |
|
________ is the feeling that you or your environment is moving or spinning. (13) |
Vertigo |
|
A ________ is the lowest layer aloft reported as broken or overcast, or the vertical visibility into an indefinite ceiling. (14) |
ceiling |
|
An ________ is the ceiling classification that is applied when the reported ceiling value represents the vertical visibility upward into a surface-based obscuration. (14) |
indefinite ceiling |
|
Which of the two ceilings in this graphic are more hazardous? (14) |
Indefinite ceiling |
|
________ is a visible aggregate of minute droplets based at the Earth's surface and reducing horizontal visibility to less than 5/8 SM. Unlike drizzle, it does not fall to the ground. (15) |
Fog |
|
What is a cloud on the ground? (15) |
Fog *Ken's way of remembering it |
|
Fog forms when the temperature and dew point of the air become ________. (15) |
identical (or nearly so) |
|
True or False: For forms really slowly, allowing time for pilots to react. (15) |
False |
|
True or False: The base of fog is above the Earth's surface. (15) |
False |
|
________ is any of the forms of water particles, whether liquid or solid, that fall from the atmosphere and reach the ground. (16) |
Precipitation |
|
Name the three types of precipitation that most commonly produce IFR weather. (16) |
*Rain *Drizzle *Snow |
|
________ seldom reduces surface visibility below 1 mile, except in brief, heavy showers. (16) |
Rain |
|
________ may reduce visibility to zero. (16) |
Heavy snow |
|
________ is snow lifted from the surface of the Earth by the wind to a height of 6 feet or more above the ground and blow about in such quantities that the reported horizontal visibility is reduced to less than 7 SM. (17) |
Blowing snow |
|
What type of snow is most prone to being blown by the wind? (17) |
Light, dry, powdery |
|
True or False: Snow falling from clouds is not required to produce blowing snow. (17) |
True |
|
Blowing snow is one of the classic requirements of a ________. (17) |
blizzard |
|
________ is tiny particles of rock powder that originate from a volcano and that may remain suspended in the atmosphere for long periods. (18) |
Volcanic ash |
|
Ingestion of volcanic ash into an engine can lead to partial or total ________. (18) |
power loss |
|
________ is a weather phenomena causing the obscuration of mountain peaks cause by clouds, precipitation, smoke, haze, mist, or fog. (19) |
Mountain obscuration |
|
________ are issued for widespread mountain obscuration. (19) |
AIRMETs |
|
An irregular motion of an aircraft in flight, especially when characterized by rapid up-and-down motion, caused by a rapid variation of atmospheric wind velocities is called ________. (21) |
aircraft turbulence |
|
What are the three causes of turbulence? (21) |
*Convective currents *Obstructions to wind flow *Wind shear |
|
What type of turbulence is vertical motions that result from convective currents and the subsequent rising and sinking of air? (22) |
Convective Turbulence |
|
On what type of day are convective currents most active? (22) |
Warm summer afternoons when winds are light |
|
What type of clouds indicate convective turbulence? (22) |
Billowy cumuliform |
|
What marks the upper limits of a convective current? (22) |
The cloud top |
|
What type of turbulence is caused by obstructions, such as trees, buildings, and mountains? (23) |
Mechanical turbulence |
|
What two things are mechanical turbulence intensity directly related to? (23) |
*Wind speed *Roughness of the obstruction |
|
What type of turbulence is an atmospheric wave disturbance formed whens stable air flow passes over a mountain or mountain ridge? (24) |
Mountain wave |
|
Mountain waves develop above and ________ of mountains. (24) |
downwind |
|
How far may mountain waves extend downwind from the mountain range? (24) |
100 miles or more |
|
What intensity of turbulence does mountain wave turbulence frequently produce? (24) |
Severe to extreme |
|
A change in wind speed and/or wind direction in a short distance resulting in a shearing effect is called ________. (26) |
wind shear *this is also a type of turbulence |
|
What are three important conditions associated with wind shear? (26) |
*Wind shear with low-level temperature inversion *Wind shear with a frontal zone *Clear air turbulence associated with the jet stream |
|
________ is a layer in which temperature increases with altitude. (27) |
Temperature inversion |
|
Inversions occur: (27)
|
*Within the lowest few thousand feet above ground due to nighttime cooling *Along frontal zones *When cold air is trapped in a valley |
|
What is the interface or transition zone between two air masses of different density called? (27) |
Frontal zone |
|
The degree of turbulence depends on the ________ of the wind shear. (27) |
magnitude |
|
________ is a higher altitude (20,000 - 50,000 ft) turbulence phenomenon occurring in cloud-free regions, associated with wind shear, particularly between the core of a jet stream and the surrounding air. (28) |
Clear Air Turbulence (CAT) |
|
Clear Air Turbulence (CAT) frequency and intensity are maximized during which season (when the jet streams are the strongest)? (28) |
Winter |
|
What are the four different intensity classifications of turbulence? (29) |
*Light (LGT) *Moderate (MOD) *Severe (SEV) *Extreme (EXTRM) |
|
What type of turbulence causes the following aircraft reaction: (29) Momentarily causes slight, erratic changes in altitude and/or attitude (pitch, roll, yaw) |
Light (LGT) |
|
What type of turbulence causes the following aircraft reaction: (29) Changes in altitude and/or attitude occur but the aircraft remains in positive control at all times. It usually causes variations in indicated airspeed. |
Moderate (MOD) |
|
What type of turbulence causes the following aircraft reaction: (29) Causes large, abrupt changes in altitude and/or attitude. It usually causes large variations in indicated airspeed. Aircraft may be momentarily out of control. |
Severe (SEV) |
|
What type of turbulence causes the following aircraft reaction: (29) Aircraft is violently tossed about and is practically impossible to control. It may cause structural damage |
Extreme (EXTRM) |
|
What type of turbulence causes the following reaction inside the aircraft: (29) Occupants may feel a slight strain against seat belts or shoulder straps. Unsecured objects may be displaced slightly. Food service may be conducted and little or no difficulty is encountered in walking. |
Light (LGT) |
|
What type of turbulence causes the following reaction inside the aircraft: (29) Occupants feel definite strains against seat belts or shoulder straps. Unsecured objects are dislodged. Food service and walking are difficult. |
Moderate (MOD) |
|
What type of turbulence causes the following reaction inside the aircraft: (29) Occupants are forced violently against seat belts or shoulder straps. Unsecured objects are tossed about. Food service and walking are impossible. |
Severe (SEV) |
|
________ is a category of turbulence which causes rapid and somewhat rhythmic bumpiness without appreciable changes in altitude or attitude. May be reported as light or moderate. (29) |
Chop |
|
Regarding aircraft reaction to turbulence, what are the five factors that affect the aircraft? (30) |
*Difference in windspeed in adjacent currents *Aircraft size *Wing loading *Airspeed *Aircraft attitude |
|
Which of the following clouds would provide visual proof that a mountain wave exists? (31) A. Rotor cloud B. Towering Cumulus (TCU) C. Cumulonimbus (CB) |
A |
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What generates turbulence between two wind currents of differing wind directions and/or speeds? (32) A. Wind shear B. Obstructions to the wind flow C. Convective currents |
A |