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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Characteristics of all living things
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1. Composed of one or more cells
2. Can reproduce 3. Acquire/use energy 4. Grow and develop 5. Respond to their enviroment to maintain homeostasis |
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Water molecules attract other molecules
This is called _. |
Hydrogen bonding
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Water molecules attract other __ molecules.
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polar
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Water molecules repel _ molecules.
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nonpolar
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Example of polar and nonpolar molecules
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polar - water, sugar
nonpolar - oil |
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Polar molecules are _.
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hydrophilic
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Nonpolar molecules are _.
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Hydrophobic
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Water absorbs a great deal of _ before temperature increases
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heat
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Why does water absorb heat?
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Added energy disrupts hydrogen bonding between molecules, not effecting molecules themself
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Because ice floats _.
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it can insulate water beneath it
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Cohesion:
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has capacity to resist rupturing under tension
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___ causes high surface tension
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hydrogen bonding
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Solvent
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substance in which something in dissolved
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Because water molecules are polar _.
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ions and other polar solutes dissolve in it
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Positive parts of solute are surrounded by _.
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negative parts of solvent
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Negative parts of solute are surrounded by _.
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politice parts of solvent
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When NaCl is dissolved in water ____ surround ion.
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"spheres of hydration"
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The pH scale is based on ___.
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Ion concentration
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pH of body fluids
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7.35 - 7.45
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Example of strong acid
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HCl
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Example of weak acid
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HC(2)H(3)O(2)
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Strong acids ___.
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completely dissociate in water
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Weak acids ___.
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do not completely dissociate in water
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Buffer:
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resists slight changes in pH
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Buffers are formed from what?
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Weak acid (or base) and salt of that acid (or base)
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What is an example of a buffer?
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Acetic acid/sodium acetate buffer
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If excess acid in a buffer, _.
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Hydrogen ions combine with acetate to form acetic acid
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If excess base in buffer, _.
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Hydroxide ions neutralized by hydrogen ions from acetic acid
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Amino acids:
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subunits of proteins
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Amino acids have two groups:
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amino group and carboxyl group
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Amino acids have two groups bonded to ___.
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alpha carbon
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Amino group:
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-NH(2)
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Carboxyl Group:
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-COOH
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Amino acids act as _.
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buffers
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The carboxyl group can _ a hydrogen atom.
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donate
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The amino group can _ a hydrogen.
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accept
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Amino acids link together by _.
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dehydration synthesis
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Dehydration synthesis:
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Carboxyl carbon of one amino acid bonds to an amino nitrogen of a second
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__ can contain hundreds of amino acids
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polypeptide
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Backbone of polypeptide chain contains repeating sequence of ___.
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N-C-C-N-C-C
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__ groups extend from backbone in polypeptide
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R
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Primary structure:
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sequence of amino acids
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Secondary Structure:
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result of hydrogen bonding in backbone
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Types of secondary structures
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alpha helix
beta pleated sheet |
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Tertiary structure:
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interaction of side chains
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Interactions of the side chains in amino acids
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1. Hydrogen bonding between R groups of amino acid subunit
2. Ionic attractions between R gorups of opposite charge 3. Disulfide bonds/bridges that link sulfur atoms of two cysteine amino acids |
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Quaternary Structure:
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interaction among polypeptide chains
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example of quaternary strucutre
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hemoglobin
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Denaturation:
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change in shape or biological activity of protein
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What causes denaturation:
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changes in 3-dimensional structure
-heat, pH changes, exposure to certain chemicals |
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functions of nucleic acids
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1. store and transmit hereditary information
2. determine the proteins that a cell will manufacture |
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Two classes of nucleic acids (or examples)
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DNA and RNA
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DNA ___.
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makes up genes
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RNA helps direct ___.
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synthesis of protein
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RNA does what?
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1. Carry information from nucleus to ribosome
2. Assembles amino acids in correct sequence 3. Some (ribozymes) act as biological catalyst (aka enzymes) |
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Nucleic acids are polymers of _.
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nucleotides
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Each nucleic acid consists of
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-5-carbon sugar (Deoxyribose in DNA and Ribose in RNA)
-Phosphate group -Nitrogenous base |
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The individual units of the nucleic acid are held together by __.
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phosphodiester bonds
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Each carbon atom contains _.
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valence electrons
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How does a carbon atom complete its valence shell?
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by forming four covalent bonds
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Carbon atoms bond to other carbon atoms to form ___.
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large, complex molecules (straight chains, branches, rings)
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Isomers:
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compounds with same molecular formulas but different strucutres/properties
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Structural isomers:
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differ in arrangement of atoms
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Geometric isomers:
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idntical in arrangement of bonds but different in arrangement in space of atoms/groups of atoms
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Example of geometric isomers
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cis/trans arrangements
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Stereoisomers:
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molecules in which part are mirror images of the other
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Polymers:
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large molecule (macromolecule) formed by jointing together many smaller units (monomers)
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Polymers can be broken down to monomers by _.
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hydrolysis
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Monomers are linked together by _.
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dehydration synthesis
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Carbohydrates:
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sugars, starches, cellulose -[CH(2)O](n)
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Types of carbohydrates
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monosaccharides (simple sugars) and disaccharides
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Monosaccharides:
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simple sugars
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Disaccharides
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Double sugars formed by linking two monosaccharides
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Most abundant monosaccharide
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glucose
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fructose is a structural isomer of _.
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glucose
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galactose is a stereoisomer of _.
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glucose
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Maltose =
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alpha-glucose + alpha-glucose
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Sucrose =
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glucose + fructose
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Lactose =
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glucose + galactose
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Polysaccharides:
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polymers of monosaccharide monomers (starch, glycogen, cellulose)
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Starch:
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consists of alpha 1-4 linkages
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starch occurs in two forms
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amylose and amylopectin
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amylose:
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unbranched chain
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amylopectin:
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branched chain
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Glycogen:
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animal starch, more branched
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animal starch, more branched
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glycogen
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cellulose:
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mnay glucose molecules joined together
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what does cellulose consist of?
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beta 1-4 linkages
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Lipids:
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fats, oils, waxes
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Lipids are nonpolar or polar?
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nonpolar
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Uses of lipids
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1. energy storage
2. strucuture (cell membrane) 3. signaling molecules |
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Strcuture of fats
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one to three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule
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Fatty acids consist of :
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1. long chain of carbon atoms
2. Carboxyl group at one end (bonds to glycerol) 3. Glycerol is a 3-carbon hydrocarbon |
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Saturated fatty acids contain only ___.
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single bonds between carton atoms
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Unsaturated fatty acids contain ___.
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at least one double bond
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Saturated fatty acids are found in
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animals
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unsaturated fatty acids are found in
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plants
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Structure of phospholipids
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1. Glycerol backbone
2. Two fatty acids 3. Phosphate + polar group (dissolves in water) |
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Phospholipids are the ___.
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main part of cell membrane
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Sterols:
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lipids with no fatty acids
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Sterols all have:
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backbone of four fused carbon rings
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Most common sterol:
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cholesterol
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Cholesterol is converted into:
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1. Vitamin D (bones/teeth)
2. Steroids (sex hormones) 3. Bile salts (digest fats in small intestine) |
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___ are nucleic acids that also act as biological catalysts.
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Ribozymes
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Nucleic acids are polymers of individual units known as __.
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nucleotides
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The covalent bonds that connect amino acids in a protein molecule are known as _.
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peptide bonds
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The name of the process whereby large molecules (polymers) are split into smaller molecules (monomers) by the addition of water
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hydrolysis
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An example of a disaccharide, or double sugar
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sucrose, maltose
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The highly-branches polysaccharide found in animals (and sometimes called animal starch)
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glycogen
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A structural isomer of glucose is the monosaccharide _.
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fructose
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