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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Division of Cell during mitosis or meiosis
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Nuclear Division
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Division of Cell following nuclear division
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Cytokinesis
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All cells of the body except sperm and egg cell (liver, skin, brain, etc.)
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Somatic Cells
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Somatic cells reproduce by
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Mitosis
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Parent cells divide and create:
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Daughter Cells
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Special type of somatic cells that divide by meiosis:
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Germ Cells
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Germ cells include:
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Sperm and Egg
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Zygote divides by:
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Mitosis
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Growth repair and maintenance occurs during
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Mitosis
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Sperm and unfertilized egg unite to form a:
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zygote
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Zygote divides by mitosis into a developing:
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Embryo
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The phase of growth that lasts for about 2 months is known as:
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Embryogenesis
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After the first 2 months of of pregnancy the embryo is called:
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a fetus
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_______ consists of a DNA double-helix that is wrapped around proteins:
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Chromosomes
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Chromosomes are found within the:
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Nucleus
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double stranded molecule (40% of total mass) where strands are h-bonded together by complemntary base paring (A-T G-C)
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DNA Core
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DNA is wrapped around proteins called:
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Histone Proteins
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Constricted region along the length of the chromosome - consists of special sequence of DNA nucleotides that bind to kinetochore proteins during mitosis and meiosis
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Centromere
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dislike structures made of proteins that form on the centromeres during prophase just prior to cell divison;
some proteins are motor proteins that help to move chromosomes during cell division; also serve as an attachment point for mitortubles of the spindle apparatus that attaches to and separate chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis |
Kinetochores
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DNA molecules wrap around clusters of histone proteins to form bead like structures called:
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Nucleosomes
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Unreplicated chromosome consists of:
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one chromatid
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the complex of DNA and protein taht makes up a chromosome:
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Chromatin
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Chromosomes make a copy of them selves when:
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During S-Phase, prior to mitosis (and meiosis)
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When a chromosome replicates it makes a copy of:
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its DNA and makes more histone proteins
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Replicated chromosomes consist of:
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a pair of sister chromatids
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2 identical copies of a single chromosomes that are held together at the centromere:
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Sister Chromatides;
Together they make up a duplicated chromosome |
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2 separate centromerers of chromatids are fused together by:
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cohesion proteins
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Proteins bind to opposite sides of the centromere to form:
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kinetochores
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Chromosomes come in
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Pairs numbered from 1-23
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One member of each pair
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Haploid
(1N=23) |
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Both members of each pair are:
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Diploids
(2N=46) |
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All of the DNA associated with each chromosome
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Genome
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Chromosome pairs from 1-22 are called:
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Autosomal Chromosomes
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23rd pair is called
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Sex Chromosome
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Male chromosome is represented by:
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XY
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Female chromosome is represented by:
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XX
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Cells that are stained, arranged in an ordered set of chromosomes and photographed are called:
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Karyotype
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Cells that are prepared for a karyotype are "locked" in metaphase of mitosis by:
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clochicine treatment
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Four Stages of Cell Cycle
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1. M (Mitosis)
2. G1 (Growth Phase 1) 3. S (Synthesis of DNA) 4. G2 (Growth Phase 2) |
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Mitosis
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2N nucleus divides by mitosis into 2 2N daughter nuclei
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G1 (Growth Phase 1)
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Growth occurs as organelles double in number in preparation for mitosis.
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S (synthesis of DNA)
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DNA replication and chromosomal replication
Each chromosome exists as a pair of sister chromatids (replicated c'somes) that are attached by shared centromeres) |
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G2 (Growth phase 2)
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~Replicated chromosomes (2N=46) (92 chromatids)
~Chromosomes exist as chromatin unril the end of G2 ~Centosomes outside of nucleus divide |
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Division of the cytoplasm into 2 daughter cells
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Cytokinesis
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Before mitosis
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Interphase of Cell Cycle
S - c'somes replicate G2-centrosomes duplicate |
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4 Steps of Mitosis
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Prophase
Metaphase Anaphase Telophase |
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Prophase (4)
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1. Chromosomes supercoil
2. Centrosomes migrate to opposite poles 3. Nuclear envelope fragments 4. Spindle fibers come out of centrosome and attach to both sides of each centromere 2N = 4 (replicated c'somes) 4 pairs of sister chromatids 8 chromatids |
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Metaphase (2)
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1. Replicated chromosomes line up on metaphase plate (imaginary)
2. Mitotic spindle fibers fully form and are symmetrically attached to centromere's (kinetochore) 2N = 4 (replicated c'somes) 4 pairs of sister chromatids 8 chromatids |
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Anaphase (3)
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1. Centromeres split as each sister c chromatid becomes an unreplicated chromosome
2. Chromosome count doubles. 3. The 2N sets of chromosomes are pulled apart by the shortening of spindle fibers towards opposite poles 2N = 4 (unreplicated c'somes) 2N = 4 (unreplicated c'somes) 8 chromosomes |
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Telephase (4)
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1. The two 2N sets of chromosomes arrive at opposite ends of cell
2. Nuclear envelope surrounds each 2N set 3. Mitosis is over 4. Cytokinesis occurs during telephase to produce 2N daughter cells. 2N = 4 (unreplicated c'somes) 2N = 4 (unreplicated c'somes) 8 chromosomes |
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ATP-dependent process by which the cytoplasm of the cell is cleaved into 2 to produce 2 daughter cells
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Cytokinesis
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Name of gap in splitting daughter cells
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Cleavage Furrow
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Division of the nucleus in which the chromosome number is reduced by half
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Meiosis
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Meiosis leads to the formation of:
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Haploid Gamates (Sex cells: sperm and egg)
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Sperm and egg are produced in:
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Gonads
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2 Types of Gonads
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Testis (Male)
Ovaries (Female) |
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Meiosis of a germ cell that happens in the testes
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Spermatogenesis
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meiosis of a germ cell that occurs in the ovary
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Oogenesis
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chromosomes present in human sperm are called
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Paternal Chromosomes
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chromosomes present in human egg cell are called
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Maternal Chromosomes
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2N = 46 or 23 pairs
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Diploid
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1N = 23, where 1 of each chromosome pair is present
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Haploid
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Chromosome pairs from 1 to 22
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Autosomes
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23rd pair of chromosome
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Sex chromosomes
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one member of a chromosomal pair:
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Homolog
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Display of paired sets of condensed chromosomes sorted by decreasing length, shape, and centromere location
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Karyotype
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Chromosomal replication in germ cells occurs during
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S-phase of Interphase
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Germ cells are 2N=46 if replicated they represent
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92 sister chromatids (46 pairs)
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The 92 sister chromatids (46 replicated chromosomes) are distributed to 2 nuclei with 46 chromosomes (2 2N nuclei)
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Mitosis
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The 92 sister chromatids (46 replicated chromosomes) are distributed to 4 1N nuclei with 23 chromosomes each
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Meiosis
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In oogenesis in the female ovary produces 3 small 1N polar bodies that die and 1 large 1N gamete that survives called:
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Ovum
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Steps of Meiosis I
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1. Meiosis 1
2. Metaphase 1 3. Anaphase 2 4. Telephase 2 |
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Before meiosis 1 beings
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chromosomes replicate to become a pair of sister chromatids and 2 centrosomes replicate
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Prophase 1 (5)
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1. Chromosomes condense
2. Centrosomes migrate to opposite poles 3. Nuclear envelope fragments 4. Spindle fibers attach to only 1 side of each centromere 5. Homologs ungergo synapsis and pair up to form tetrads 2N = 4(replicated c'somes) 4 pairs of sister chromatids (8 Chromatids) |
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Metaphase 1 (2)
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1. Replicated chromosomes line up randomly in double file fashion on the metaphase plate
2. Meotic spindle fibers become symetrical 2N = 4(replicated c'somes) 4 pairs of sister chromatids (8 Chromatids) |
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Anaphase 1 (3)
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1. Centromeres do not divide
2. homologs separate into 2 1N sets taht migrate towards opposite poles 3. Chromosome count is cut in half (2N to 2 sets of N) 1N = 2 Replicated c'somes 1N = 2 Replicated c'somes 8 chromatids |
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Telephase 1 (3)
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1. The 2 1N sets of duplicated chromosomes arrive at opposite ends of the cell
2. Nuclear envelope develops 3. Cytokineis occurs 1N = 2 Replicated c'somes 1N = 2 Replicated c'somes 8 chromatids |
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Prophase 2 (4) (occurs twice once for each 1N)
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1. 1N set of chromosomes condense
2. Centrosomes migrate to opposite poles 3. Nuclear envelope fragments 4. Spindle fibers form and attach to both sides of centromeres 1N=2(replicated c'somes) 2 pairs of sister chromatide (4 chromatids) |
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Metaphase 2 (2)
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1. Replicated set of 1N chromosomes line up randomly in a single file fashion on the metaphase plate
2. Spidle fibers are symmetrical 1N=2(replicated c'somes) 2 pairs of sister chromatide (4 chromatids) |
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Anaphase 2 (3)
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1. Centromeres divide as each sister chromatid becomes an unreplicated chromosome.
2. Chromosome count doubles (2 1N sets) 3. The 1N sets are pulled apart by shortening spindle fibers 1N = 2(unreplicated c'somes) 1N = 2(unreplicated c'somes) |
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Telephase 2 (4)
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1. The two 1N sets of chromosomes arrive at opposite ends of cell
2. Nuclear envelope forms 3. Meiosis is over 4. Cytokinesis occurs 1N = 2(unreplicated c'somes) 1N = 2(unreplicated c'somes) |
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Genetically identical twins that develop from same fertilized egg
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Maternal Twins
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Twins that develop from two sperm and two eggs
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Fraternal Twins
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Fusion of sperm and egg to form zygote:
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Fertilization
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Failure of the chromosomes to separate during meiosis
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Nondisjunction
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