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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
____ is the use of sunlight to manufacture carbohydrate
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photosynthesis
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photosynthetic organisms are termed _____, because they make all of their own food
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autotrophs "self feeders"
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humans and other non-photosynthetic organisms are termed ______, because they have to obtain the sugars and other foods they need from other organisms
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heterotrophs "different feeders"
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photosynthesis is an exergonic/endergonic set of reactions that reduces CO2 to glucose or other sugars
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endergonic, energy must be added
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cellular respiration is an exergonic/endergonic set of reactions that oxidizes glucose to CO2 and produces ATP
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exergonic, energy is gained through cellular respiration
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the reactions that reduce CO2 and produce sugar are known as the ____ cycle
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calvin cycle
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photosynthesis consists of two linked sets of reactions. what are they?
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light dependent (produce oxygen from water)
light independent (calvin cycle. produces sugar from CO2, and requires the products of the light dependent reactions) |
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during the calvin cycle, the ____ and ____ produced in the light capturing reactions are used to reduce ____ to carbohydrate
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the ATP and NADH produced in the light capturing reactions are used to reduce carbon dioxide to carbohydrate
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photosynthesis takes place in the bright green organelles called ____
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photosynthesis
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a chloroplast is made of vesicle like structures called ____, which occur in stacks called ____. the fluid filled spaces between are called ____
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thylakoids occur in stacks called grana, the fluid filled space is the stroma
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___ are molecules that absorb only certain wavelengths of light. other wavelengths are reflected or transmitted.
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pigments
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pigments have colors because we see the wavelengths they do not ____
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absorb
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the most abundant pigment in the thylakoid membranes is ____
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chlorophyll
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the ____ determines the type of electromagnetic radiation
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wavelength
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which contains more energy, short or long wavelengths?
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short wavelengths contain more energy
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light exists in packets called ___
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photons
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what is a graph showing the amount of light absorbed vs wavelength?
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an absorption spectrum
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what are the two major pigments in plant leaves?
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chlorophylls (appear green, absorb blue and red) and carotenoids (appear yellow, orange, red. absorb blue and green)
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which two color photons are most effective at driving photosynthesis?
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blue and red
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_____ protect chlorophyll from harm, extend the range of photosynthesis, and are responsible for fall colors
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carotenoids
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wavelengths in the UV part of the spectrum have so much energy they may eject electrons from a pigment and create a ______
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free radical
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when a photon strikes a chlorophyll molecule, the_____ in the chlorophyll enter an excited state
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electrons
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when a photon strikes a chlorophyll and excites the electrons, the energy (but not the electron itself) is passed to a nearby chlorophyll, and excites another electron. this process is called _______
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resonance
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electromagnetic energy from the excited chlorophyll electrons are transferred to the electron acceptor at the ____ center, where chemical energy is created
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reaction center
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the redox reactions that occur in the photosystem II ETC's result in a ___ that will drive ATP production via ATP synthase.
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proton gradient
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the stroma becomes negatively ____ relative to the thylakoid lumen due to the concentration of protons in the thylakoid lumen
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stroma negatively charged relative to the thylakoid lumen, because the thylakoid lumen has an abundance of positively charged protons
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the _______ set up by photosystem II allows protons to flow out of the thylakoid lumen, through ATP synthase and into the stroma
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proton gradient
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the proton flow from the thylakoid lumen to the stroma is an exergonic/endergonic process?
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exergonic process that drives the synthesis of ATP
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_____ is the process where ATP is synthesized from ADP and Pᵢ
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phosphorylation
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photosystem II obtains electrons by oxidizing ______
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water
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what goes into photosynthesis?
what comes out of photosynthesis? |
in- water, carbon dioxide
out- carbohydrate, water, oxygen |
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when excited electrons leave photosystem II and enter the ETC, the photosystem becomes so _____ that enzymes can remove electrons from water, leaving protons and oxygen
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electronegative
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______ is the only protein complex that can catalyze the splitting of water molecules
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photosystem II
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photosystem I produces ______, an electron carrier that can donate electrons to other compounds and reduce them
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NADPH
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photosystem II produces ______, which drives the synthesis of ATP.
photosystem I produces ______, an electron carrier that can reduce other compounds |
PS II produces the proton gradient to synthesize ATP
PS I produces NADPH, an electron carrier |
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____ forms a physical link between PS II and PS I, shuttling electrons between the two
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plastocyanin
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_______ coexists with the Z scheme and produces additional ATP
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cyclic photophosphorylation
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____ reacts with CO2 to produce 3-phosphoglycerate, the initial product of carbon reduction
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RuBP, ribulose bisphosphate
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____ is the addition of carbon dioxide to an inorganic compound, converting CO2 to a useful form.
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carbon fixation
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what are the three phases of the calvin cycle?
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1. fixation- where CO2 reacts with RuBP
2. Reduction- where 3-phosphoglycerate is phosphorylated and reduced, producing G3P. 3. Regeneration- where G3P keeps the cycle going |
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where does the calvin cycle take place?
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in the stroma of the chloroplasts
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the calvin cycle clarifies how the ATP and NADH produced by light capturing reactions allow cells to reduce _____ to ______
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the calvin cycle reduces CO2 to carbohydrate
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what is the CO2 fixing enzyme in the calvin cycle?
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Rubisco
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Rubisco is slow and inefficient because oxygen and carbon dioxide ____ and the enzymes active sites.
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oxygen and carbon dioxide compete at the active sites, slowing the rate of CO2 reduction
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carbon dioxide enters leaves through _____, made of paired guard cells creating a pore
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stomata
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the concentration gradient that allows CO2 to diffuse into the leaves is maintained by the _____, which constantly uses up CO2 in the chloroplasts
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calvin cycle
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_______ are normally open during the day, when photosynthesis is occuring, and closed at night.
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stomata
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why does photosynthesis stop when it is extremely hot and dry?
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if photosynthesis continued, the stomata must stay open to absorb CO2, and the leaf cells may loose water, dehydrate and die
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species that live in hot, dry environments use _____ to minimize photorespiration when stomata are closed and not allowing CO2 to diffuse in
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CO2 pumps like CAM or C4 photosynthesis
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____ and ____are the main photosynthetic products
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sucrose and starch
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sugars are transported in the form of ___ and stored in the form of ____
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transported in the form of sucrose, stored in the form of starch
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starch production occurs in the ___, sucrose synthesis occurs in the ____
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starch is made in the chloroplast, sucrose is synthesized in the cytosol
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sucrose, a disaccharide, is synthesized from ____ and ___. both monosaccharides.
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glucose and fructose
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when photosynthesis is proceeding rapidly, ____ is abundant and _____ is synthesized.
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sucrose is abundant, and starch is synthesized
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at night, the ____ that is temporarily stored is broken down and used to manufacture _____ for respiration
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starch is broken down at night and used to manufacture sucrose
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