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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Atoms |
Basic units of Matter |
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Molecules |
Formed when atoms bond with eachother |
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Proteins Carbohydrates Lipids |
Examples of Biomolecules of cells
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Macromolecules |
Large biomolecules formed during dehydration reactions when smaller molecules bond as water is given off |
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Hydrolysis |
Bonds are broken as water is added, resulting in smaller molecules |
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Dehydration |
Forming of macromolecules as water is given off |
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Fat Composition |
Contains one glycerol and 3 fatty acids |
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Polymers |
Made up of smaller molecules called subunits (ex: Proteins and amino acid subunits, Polysaccharides and glucose subunits) |
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What is a control? |
Goes through all the steps of the experiment and does not go through the variable |
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Positive control |
- Goes through all the steps of the experiment and contains the substance being tested - Gives a standard for the substance being tested |
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Negative control |
Goes through all the steps of the experiment and does not contain the substance being tested |
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Types of Proteins |
Antibodies Transport (Hemoglobin, albumin) Regulatory (control cellular metabolism) Structural (keratin) Enzymes |
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Amino Acids |
- 20 Different Common Ones - Have acidic (carboxyl) group -COOH and amino group -H2N and differ by R group attached to carbon atom - Building blocks of proteins |
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Peptide |
Chain of two or more amino acids |
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Peptide bond |
Bond between amino acids |
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Polypeptide |
Long chain of amino acids |
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Carbohydrates |
- Include sugars and molecules that are chains of sugars |
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Monosaccharide |
One sugar unit (Ex: glucose) |
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Disaccharide |
Two sugar units (Ex: Maltose) |
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Polysaccharide |
Made up of chains of sugar units (Ex: glycogen, starch and cellulose made up of glucose units) |
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Glucose |
- Used by all organisms as energy source (Glucose => CO2 + H2O + energy) - Stored as glycogen in animals - Stored as starch in plants |
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Lipids |
- Compounds that are insoluble in water and soluble in solvents such as alcohol and ether - Include fats, oils, phospholipids, steroids, cholesterol - Composed of 3 molecules of fatty acids bonded t one glycerol molecule |
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Phospholipids |
- 1 glycerol molecule bonded to 2 fatty acids and phosphate group |
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Steroids |
- Lipid Derived from cholesterol - Skeletons of 4 fused rings of carbon atoms |
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Fat |
- Long term stored energy in the body |
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Emulsifier |
- Contains molecules with both polar and nonpolar ends and can cause fat to disperse in water Ex: Tween |
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Bile salts |
- An emulsifier used in the digestive tract |
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Biuret Reagent (Blue color) Changes color in the presence of proteins to purple, peptides to pinkish-purple (Remember: Two P's: Protein - Purple) |
How to test for proteins? |
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Iodine Solution (Yellowish Brown) Reacts with starch to form blue black color (Remember: BS - Blueblack : Starch) |
How to test for starch? (Complex carbohydrate, polysaccharide) |
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Benedict's Reagent (Blue) After being heated in boiling water bath, copper ion reacts with sugar to turn from green to red (Remember: S(ir) Benedict - S:Sugar) |
How to test for sugar? (Simple sugar, monosaccharide, such as glucose) |
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Brown paper; fats and oils do not evaporate and leave an oily spot |
How to test for fats? |
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Polar |
Molecules that have charged groups or atoms |
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Nonpolar |
Molecules that have no charged groups or atoms |
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Emulsion |
When the nonpolar ends interact with the fat and the polar ends interact with the water molecules, and the fat disperses in water |
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Milk has been homogenized by phospholipids so that fat droplets do not congregate and rise to the top of the container. |
Why is milk homogenized? (A form of emulsification)
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Maltose Lactose |
Disaccharides that have positive Benedict's Reagent Reaction because they have free aldehyde groups |
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Sucrose |
Disaccharide that has negative Benedict's Reagent Reaction because it does not have a free aldehyde group |
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Reducing Non reducing |
Reactive Sugars are called? Non reactive sugars are called? |