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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Nucleic Acids
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Very large, complex molecules that store and process information inside of the cell; made up of monomers called nucleotides
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DNA shape is...
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a double helix
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DNA sugar is...
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deoxyribose
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The nitrogen bases of DNA are...
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Adenine, Cytosine, Thymine, Guanine
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DNA pairs:
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A-T, C-G (if given one strand of DNA, one can figure out the complementary strand)
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DNA Replication: Step 1
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Enzymes break the H bonds holding together paired bases & the pairs separate so that the molecule "unzips" down the middle
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DNA Replication: Step 2
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The two strands will unwind from each other
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DNA Replication: Step 3
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Each strand serves as a template to produce a new strand
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DNA Replication: Step 4
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An enzyme, DNA polymerase, moves along each of the template strands and "chooses" the correct nucleotide to insert at a particular location, due to complementary base pairing rules; the base pairs are joined by H bonds
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DNA Replication: Step 5
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Adjacent nucleotides become joined together through their sugar-phosphate components
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DNA Replication: Step 6
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The end result is a formation of a new strand that is complementary to the original strand
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DNA replication is semi-conservative (half-saved, half-conserved) because...
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each daughter molecule consists of one old (original) and one new (nascent) strand
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Mutations in DNA replication DO occur, but are rare because...
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DNA polymerase has a "proof-reading" function
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Mutation
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a small-scale change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene
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In Early Interphase there are __ chromosomes and __ DNA molecules
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46; 46
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In Late Interphase there are __ chromosomes __ DNA molecules
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46; 92
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In sperm there are __ chromosomes and __ DNA molecules
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23; 23
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Genes → __
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Proteins (polypeptides)
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Proteins (polypeptides) → __
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Enzymes
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Enzymes → __
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Metabolism
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Metabolism → __
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Phenotypes
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Archibald Garnod
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A man who studied diseases that ran in families, specifically alkaptonuria, which he hypothesized was due to a defective gene that did not break down the substance in the disease; said "one gene, one enzyme" which evolved into "one gene, one polypeptide"
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Alkaptonuria
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an inheritable disease studied by Garnod that secretes a substance that causes urine to turn black when exposed to air and led to arthritis
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RNA
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Ribose Nucleic Acid
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First Major Phase of Protein Synthesis
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Transcription: the transfer of information from DNA to RNA; the genetic code is transcribed or rewritten in the form of an mRNA transcript
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Second Major Phase of Protein Synthesis
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Translation: the transfer of information from RNA to protein; the order of the bases in mRNA determines the order of amino acids in the polypeptide
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Differences Between DNA and RNA (1)
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The sugar in RNA is ribose, not deoxyribose
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Differences Between DNA and RNA (2)
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RNA contains the nitrogen base Uracil (U) instead of Thymine (T); in it, Uracil is complementary to Adenine
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Differences Between DNA and RNA (3)
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RNA is single-stranded and does not have a regular helical structure
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Differences Between DNA and RNA (4)
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RNA is found mostly in the cytoplasm
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There are 3 types of RNA, all of which are made by...
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being "transcribed" from DNA in the nucleus
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Messenger RNA (mRNA)
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the type of RNA that carries instructions on how to build a polypeptide from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes, where the information is translated into amino acid sequences
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Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
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makes up the ribosomes (which are roughly half rRNA and half protein); most abundant type of RNA in a cell
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Transfer RNA (tRNA)
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functions as an interpreter in translation; each molecule has a specific anticodon, picks up a specific amino acid, and conveys the acid to the appropriate codon on mRNA
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Protein Synthesis
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DNA (transcription) → mRNA (translation) → polypeptides
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A genetic code is a "triplet code" because...
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a sequence of 3 bases in DNA specifies a codon in the mRNA
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Codon
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a sequence of 3 bases in mRNA that specifies an amino acid in the polypeptide
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