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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
stimulus
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a condition in an environment that requires an organism to adjust
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response
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reaction to change in internal or external environment
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growth
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from single cell to many or change within unicellular organism
increase in the mass and the formation of new structures in an organism |
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development
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all of the changes that take place during life of organism (something changing)
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reproduction
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the production of offspring by an organism
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adaptation
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evolution of structure, behavior, or internal process that enables organism to respond to stimuli and better survive
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biology
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the study of life
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offers organized and scientific framework for posing and answering questions about the natural world - how living things work, how they interact with their environment, and how they change over time
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what's the purpose of studying biology?
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technology
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no matter what the results are, must be used ethically. Science cannot answer all questions
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ethics
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moral values and principles held by human
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scientific method
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series of steps used to gather information and answer questions
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1) observation
2) hypothesis 3) prediction 4) experiment |
what are the parts of the scientific method?
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observation
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based on human perception/senses
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hypothesis
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explanation for question/problem that can be tested
STATEMENT not question - based on several observations |
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prediction
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forecasts what would happen in a test if the hypothesis were true
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experiment
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procedure that tests hypothesis by collecting information
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control group
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all variable are kept the same (constants)
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experimental group
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all condition kept the same except condition being tested
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independent variable
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condition that is being changed
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dependent variable
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conditions that result from changed in independent variable
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quantitative reasoning
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deals with numerical data
graph or table - for graph, dependent on vertical axis and independent on vertical |
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qualitative reasoning
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deals with written descriptions of behaviors
"Descriptive Research" used when numbers cannot describe what is being observed |
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3 H2O - 3 stands for number of molecules, 2 stands for number of hydrogen atoms
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how to write a chemical formula
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atom
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smallest particle of an element that has the characteristics of that element
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nucleus, protons, neutrons, and electrons
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what is the structure of an atom?
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nucleus
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(+ charge) composed of neutrons and protons, surrounded by electron cloud; bulk of the mass of an atom
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proton
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(+) atomic number - # of protons determines the element
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neutron
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neutrally charged particle in nucleus
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mass number
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refers to number of protons and neutrons in an atom
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electron
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(-) surrounds the nucleus; exist in a cloud with very little mass
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*atoms have a neutral charge (no net charge)*
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what charge do atoms have?
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1st holds 2 e-, 2nd holds 8 e-, 3rd holds 8 e-
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how much e- do the energy levels and orbitals hold?
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when molecules randomly move about
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What is the Brownian movement?
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covalent bonds
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how is H2O held together?
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70-90%
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What percent of most organisms is made up water?
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polar
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uneven charge of water because electrons are not shared equally
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greater
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oxygen atom has ________ ability to attract electrons
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+
- |
polar molecule: one end _____ one end _____
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water can attract with other water molecules, ions, and other polar molecules
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what is the benefit of water being polar?
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dissolve
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water can ________ many other polar substances
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causes ions to dissociate in water which are necessary for many biological rxns
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since water can dissolve many other polar substances, this causes what?
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cohesion
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attractive force between particles of same kind
result of the H bonds that ar strong |
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adhesion
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attractive force between unlike substances
along with cohesion, enables water to move upward against force of gravity |
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hydrogen bonding
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positive region attracted to negative region of another molecule
H bonds weak compared to covalent, but strong enough to exert force to cause cohesion and adhesion H onds are responsible for different states of water as wel as ability to absorb heat, cool through evaporation, and dissolve substances |
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temperature
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high specific heat - takes in a lot of E to heat
heats and cools slowly - when heated, thermal E breaks H bonds first, then heats up, which allows molecules to move and raise temperature E is released as heat when H bonds are broken ability to absorb large amounts of E keeps cells at even temp, despite environment |
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ionic bonding
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electrons are either gained or lost by atoms
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ion
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any atom that has gained or lost electron and has and electrical charge
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(Na+ or Cl-)
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what is an example of an ion?
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covalent bonding
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electrons are shared between two atoms
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water
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example of covalent bonding
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molecule
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result of covalent bond; group of atoms held together covalently with no overall charge
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covalent
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most compounds in nature are __________
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chemical equation
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the use of symbols and formulas to represent elements of substances in a chemical retain [ 2H2 + O2 ----> 2 H2O ]
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reactants
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substances that undergo chemical reaction
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products
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results from the chemical reaction
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acid
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solution where the number of hydronium ions exceeds the number of hydroxide ions (acidity)
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acid
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dissociate in water to make H+ ions
then goes to bond with water molecules to for H3O (hydroium ion) below 7 (0 strong, 6 weak) tastes sour turns blue litmus paper red |
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base
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solution where the number of hydroxide ions exceeds the number of hydronium ions (alkalinity)
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base
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dissociate in water to make OH- ions
above 7 (8 weak, 14 strong) tastes bitter turns red litmus paper blue |
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pH scale
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measure of how acidic or basic a solution is
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14
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pH scale ranges from 0-?
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7 (water)
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____ being neutral
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logarithmic scale
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1 point indicates a 10 fold change in acidity or alkalinity
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control of pH importance
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enzymes can only function within range
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buffers
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________ are able to neutralize small amounts of acids and bases added to solutions
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isotops
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atoms of the same element that have different number of neutrons in nucleus
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mass
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additional neutrons change __________ of element
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atomic mass
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average ________ takes into account relative amounts of each isotope - average found of periodic table
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radioactive treatment of cancer cells; fossil dating
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what are some uses of isotopes?
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chemical reactions
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breaking down or building up of molecules
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1) chemical bonds are broken
2) atoms are rearranged 3) new chemical bonds are made 4) energy is absorbed or released |
How do chemical reactions occur?
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Law of Conservation of Mass
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atoms neither created nor destroyed, just rearranged
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combine to become more stable and how they combine depends on # and arrangement of electrons in their orbitals
atom chemically stable when highest energy level is full |
what do atoms tend to bond?
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noble (inert) gases
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last column of periodic table; last energy level is full
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organic
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compound containing carbon atoms that are covalently bonded to other C atoms and other elements like H, O, N
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inorganic
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compound containing elements other than carbon
exceptions: CO2 |
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nucleic acid
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organic molecules that store and carry important information for cell function
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deoxyribonucleic acid
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what does DNA stand for?
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information for cells activities including cell division
determines characteristics of an organism composed of nucleotides |
What is DNA?
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stores and transfers information for protein manufacturing
composed of nucleotides |
What is RNA?
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ribonucleic acid
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What does RNA stand for?
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phosphate group
5-C sugar N-base (ring) |
What are nucleotides made up of?
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