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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Any change, other than injury, that disrupts the normal functions of the body, is a ___________.
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disease
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What is the difference between infection and disease?
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An infection is just inside the body, but a disease is not only inside but also causes damage.
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A _______ defense is always on.
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nonspecific
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What are three ways diseases can come about?
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by agents, such as bacteria or viruses
by materials in environment by genetics |
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What kind of materials in the environment can cause disease?
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UV rays, pollution, etc.
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Disease-causing agents are called ____________.
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pathogens
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State the germ theory of disease.
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infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms called germs.
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The two scientists whose work led to the germ theory of disease were _________ and __________.
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Koch and Pasteur
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Lyme disease is caused by ___________.
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bacteria
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What spreads Lyme disease?
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deer tick
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What are scientists trying to identify when they use Koch's postulates?
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the microorganisms that causes a specific disease
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What are the steps, in order, of Koch's postulates?
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1. pathogen identified
2. pathogen grown in pure culture 3. pathogen injected into healthy lab mouse 4. healthy mouse becomes sick 5. pathogen identified |
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Are most of the bacteria and yeast that are found in the body harmful and disease-causing?
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no
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List the two ways that bacteria can produce illness.
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destroy cells as they grow
release toxins |
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Influenza is a type of ___________.
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virus
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Anthrax is a type of _________.
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bacterium
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Malaria is a type of _________.
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protist
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Tapeworm is a type of _____________.
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worm
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Athlete's foot is a type of _________.
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fungus
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List three ways that infectious diseases are spread.
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1. physical contact
2. contaiminated food and water 3. infected animals |
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Animals that carry pathogens from person to person are called ________.
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vectors
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Does thorough hand washing help prevent the spread of many pathogens?
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yes
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Compounds that kill bacteria without harming the cells of humans or animals are called _________.
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antibiotics
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____________ work by interferring with the cellular processes of microorganisms and many are produced by living organims.
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antibiotic
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How do antiviral drugs fight viral disease?
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inhibit viruses to invade cells and multiply
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The body's main defense against pathogens is the _________.
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immune system
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The ______ defense prevents pathogens from entering the body and doesn't discriminate, it kills everything.
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nonspecific
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The ______ defense destroys harmful pathogens that enter the body and only hunts what it recognizes.
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specific
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What is the job of the body's first line of defense?
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keep pathogens out of the body.
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The first line of defense guards against _________.
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infection
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What are the four components of the body's first line of defense?
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skin, sweat, mucus, tears
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The body's most important nonspecific defense is the _________.
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skin
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How does mucus help protect the body from disease?
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traps pathogens by getting particles to stick and then become destroyed or expelled
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Body secretions contain an enzyme called _________, that kills bacteria.
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lysozyme
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When does the second line of defense come into play?
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when tissue is damaged caused by injury or infection
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The second line of defense tries to stop _________.
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disease
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The ________ response is a nonspecific reaction to tissue damage caused by injury or infection.
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inflammatory response
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White blood cells called __________ engulf and destroy bacteria.
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phagocytes
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Why does an increase in the number of white blood cells indicated that the body is dealing with a serious infection?
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it shows that they are fighting an infection
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An elevated body temperature is called a ___________.
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fever
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A _______ kills many pathogens and speeds up the action of white blood cells.
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fever
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Interferon is the protein that helps fight _________ infection.
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viral
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What is the immune response?
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defense against a particular disease-causing agent
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Describe the primary and secondary immune responses.
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1. primary- recognize and produce antigen
2. secondary- faster, stronger response with no disease |
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A substance that triggers the immune response is known as an __________.
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antigen
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What are some examples of antigens?
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viruses, bacteria
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All cells have antigens...TRUE? FALSE?
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true
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What are the two different immune responses?
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humoral immunity/ antibody-mediated immunity
& cell-mediated immunity |
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_______ immunity is a response to pathogens in body fluids, depends on lympocytes, involves antibodies, and involves plasma cells.
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humoral immunity
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A protein that helps destroy pathogens is called an
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antibody
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Antigens and antibodies must work like a __________.
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lock and key
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What are the affects of the antigen binding site?
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the pathogen can no longer infect anything else; blocks antibody
one antigen can bind with only two pathogens, this will create a clump that is very noticeable to the rest of the immune system |
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What are the two types of blood cells?
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Red blood cells
white blood cells |
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Why does an increase in the number of white blood cells indicated that the body is dealing with a serious infection?
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it shows that they are fighting an infection
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An elevated body temperature is called a ___________.
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fever
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A _______ kills many pathogens and speeds up the action of white blood cells.
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fever
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Interferon is the protein that helps fight _________ infection.
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viral
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What is the immune response?
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defense against a particular disease-causing agent
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Describe the primary and secondary immune responses.
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1. primary- recognize and produce antigen
2. secondary- faster, stronger response with no disease |
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A substance that triggers the immune response is known as an __________.
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antigen
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What are some examples of antigens?
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viruses, bacteria
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All cells have antigens...TRUE? FALSE?
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true
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What are the two different immune responses?
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humoral immunity/ antibody-mediated immunity
& cell-mediated immunity |
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_______ immunity is a response to pathogens in body fluids, depends on lympocytes, involves antibodies, and involves plasma cells.
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humoral immunity
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A protein that helps destroy pathogens is called an
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antibody
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Antigens and antibodies must work like a __________.
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lock and key
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What are the affects of the antigen binding site?
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the pathogen can no longer infect anything else; blocks antibody
one antigen can bind with only two pathogens, this will create a clump that is very noticeable to the rest of the immune system |
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What are the two types of blood cells?
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Red blood cells
white blood cells |
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What are the two types of white blood cells? And what kind of immunity do they carry?
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phagocytes- nonspecific immunity
lymphocytes- specific immunity |
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What kind of cells do lymphocytes make? And what kind of immunity do they make?
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B cells- humoral/antibody mediated immunity
T cells- cell-mediated immunity CTL-kill infected cells Helper T cell- help B and CTL to work |
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What does B cells make? And what do they, in turn, make?
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plasma-make antibodies
memory cells- remember the antigen |
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Plasma cells are specialized _______ cells.
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B
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What happens once the body has been exposed to a pathogen?
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memory B cells reduce the chance that the disease could develop a second time
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Cell mediated immunity is a defense against ___________ cells, involving ____________ cells.
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the body's own cells
killer T cells |
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Cell-mediated immunity is particularly important for diseases caused by ______________.
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viral pathogens
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What is a vaccination?
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injection of weakened form of a pathogen to produce immunity
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How do vaccines work?
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stimulate immune system to produce specific antibodies
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What type of immunity is due to antigens and lasts for life?
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active
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What type of immunity is due to antibiotics and lasts for a short time?
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passive
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An overaction of the immune system caused by antigens is called an
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allergy
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An allergy means you are ___________.
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hypersensitive
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Allergies result in the overproduction of ____________.
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histamines
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When allergens bind to mass cells, the mast cells release chemicals known as ____________, there is an increased flow of blood and fluids to the surrounding area, and sneezing, runny nose, watery eyes, and other symptoms occur.
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histamines
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A chronic respiratory disease in which air passages become narrower than normal is called ____________.
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asthma
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What produces an autoimmune disease?
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when the immune system makes a mistake and attacks the body's own cells
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Rheumatoid arthritis attacks the ____________.
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tissues around the joints
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Type 1 diabetes attacks the _________.
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pancreas
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Myasthenia gravis attacks the ___________.
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neuromuscular junction
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Multiple sclerosis attacks the __________.
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neurons in brain and spinal cord
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______ is a type of disease in which the immune disease is weakened by infection.
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AIDS
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What does AIDS stand for?
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acquired immune deficiency syndrome
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List some of the diseases that may be symptoms of AIDS.
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pneumocystis carinii
kaposis sarcoma |
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What cells are attacked by HIV?
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helper T cells
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HIV is spread by contact with __________.
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bodily fluid
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Any sexual contact carries some risk of contracting ________.
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HIV
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A ________ is anything that increases the chance of disease or injury.
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risk factor
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Both heredity and environmental factors can affect your health. TRUE? FALSE?
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true
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_______ includes the number and concentration of gases and the nature and amount of tiny particles.
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air quality
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Why can overexposure to carbon monoxide be fatal?
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ir prevents hemoglobin from bonding to oxygen because it carbon monoxide binds more fully to it.
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______ is a highly reactive form of oxygen that is produced by vehicle exhaust and factory emissions.
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ozone
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Allergic reactions can be triggered by __________.
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airborne particulates
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What has probably been the most important factor in nearly doubling human life expectancy over the last century or so?
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providing safe drinking water
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__________ include human and animal wastes and chemicals.
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water pollutant
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The intentional use of biological agents to disable or kill individuals is called _________.
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bioterrorism
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Why could the release of smallpox virus cause serious problems?
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almost no one has been vaccinated for the virus in decades
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________ is generally a life threatening disease, characterized by cells multiplying uncontrollably and destroying healthy tissue.
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cancer
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When do cancers begin?
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when something goes wrong with control of cell growth and reproduction
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A mass of growing tissue is known as a ____.
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tumor
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Are all tumors cancerous?
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no
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The spreading of cancer is called?
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metatasis
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A ___ tumor does not spread to surrounding healthy tissue or to other parts of the body.
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benign
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A _____ tumor can invade and destroy surrounding healthy tissue.
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malignant
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List three ways that cancer cells can cause illness as they spread.
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abbsorb nutrients needed by other cells
block nerve connections prevent the organs they invade from functioning properly |
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Gene deects may be __________, _______, or the result of ______________, which may occur ________ or be produced by ____________.
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inherited
caused by viruses or environment the result of mutations occur spontaneously produced by chemicals or radiation |
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Chemical compounds that are known to cause cancer are called _______.
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carcinogens
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Why is it important to detect cancer early?
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it will be easier to treat
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Give three reasons it is important to eat a healthful diet.
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body systems work at their best
prevent obesity protect from cancer |
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For most people, adequate rest means getting about __ hours of sleep each night.
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8
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__________ can cause a variety of respiratory conditions as well as cancers of lung, mouth, and throat.
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smoking
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Discovering a disease early does not make it easier to treat?
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no
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