Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
130 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
cell division is...replication of...? 3
|
cell replication of
-DNA -Organelles -cytoplasm -production of 2 daughter cells |
|
cellular division results in two ___ cells
|
daughter/identical
|
|
prokaryotic cellular division is mechanism of reproduction
|
know...same for unicellular eukaryotes
|
|
mutlicellular eukaryotes and cell division
|
replace cells that are old
|
|
prokaryotes divide by binary ____
|
binary fission
|
|
binary fission is a/sexual
|
asexual reproduction
|
|
prokaryotes have/not organelles
|
have not
|
|
humans have __ chromosomes and inherit __ from each parent
|
46
23 |
|
cell cycle
|
interphase
G1 S G2 M |
|
interphase
|
longest stage
-90% of cell cycle |
|
G1 (presynthetic gap)
|
-production of organelles for energy and protein production
-increases in size |
|
G1 --> S requires...
|
restriction point. checkpoint for cell
|
|
S Stage
|
-replication/synthesis of genetic material
-contains 2x amount of normal genetic material |
|
each chromosome consists of 2 identical _____ attached at the ____
|
chromatids
centromere |
|
sister chromatids are attached at the centromere
)( |
know
|
|
G2 (postsynthetic gap)
|
final stage before cell division
-checks organelle # and cytoplasm amount |
|
M stage
|
mitosis and cytokinesis
|
|
mitosis stages:
|
prophase
metaphase anaphase telophase |
|
cytokinesis =
|
splitting of cytoplasm and organelles between daughter cells
|
|
during interphase, individual chromosomes are more/less condensed form of chromatin
|
less
|
|
during mitosis, the DNA is more/less condensed forming chromosomes
|
more
|
|
centrioles
|
involved in attaching to centromeres and moving chromosomes during separation
|
|
centrioles are/not involved in physical movement or muscle contraction or cell movement
|
are not...only move chromosomes
|
|
prophase...draw out and label what events are occurring
C/C/N/N |
-centrioles migrate to opposite sides
-nuclear membrane disappears -chromosomes condense -nucleoli disappear |
|
metaphase...draw out and label events
|
-chromosomes line up and kinetochores attach
|
|
anaphase...draw out and label events
|
-kinetochores shortened toward each opposite pole
-splitting of sister chromatids |
|
telophase...draw out and label events
|
-nucleoli reappear
-nuclear membrane reappears -chromosomes uncoil -centrioles disappear -enters interphase stage until cytokinesis |
|
cytokinesis
|
separation of cytoplasm and organelles
|
|
asexual reproduction
|
production of offspring from genetic material of single parent
|
|
asexual reproduction will result in...
|
genetically identical daughter cells
|
|
types of asexual reproduction
|
1. binary fission
2. budding 3. regeneration 4. pathogenesis |
|
binary fission
|
reproduction in prokaryotes
-genetic material copied while attached to cell wall -production of two equal daughter cells -cell expands in sizer |
|
budding
|
unequal distribution of cytoplasm
-one grows right off the other -equal replication of material |
|
regeneration
|
regrowth of body part
-mitosis driven process |
|
parthogenesis
|
process by which an adult organism develops from an unfertilized egg
|
|
the result of parthogenesis...
|
haploid offspring
|
|
sexual reproduction
|
equal contribution by both parents
|
|
gametes
|
sex cells = haploid number
|
|
meiosis
|
production of gametes
|
|
mitosis vs meiosis...main result differences
|
mitosis = 2n diploid
meiosis = n haploid |
|
somatic cells undergo ___ while gametocytes undergo ___
|
mitosis
meiosis |
|
mitosis results in 2 cells
meiosis results in 4 cells |
know
|
|
mitosis consists of __ round/s of replication and __ round/s of division
|
1 round
1 round |
|
meiosis consists of __ round/s of replication and __ round/s of division
|
1 round
2 rounds |
|
meiosis 1 results in the separation of ____ chromosomes
|
homologous
= reductional division |
|
Meiosis 2 results in the separation of ____ chromatids
|
sister
= equational division |
|
meiosis __ is similar to mitosis
|
2
|
|
result of meiosis 2 is...
|
4 haploid cells
|
|
interphase and meiosis 1
|
replication of homologous chromosomes
|
|
prophase 1
|
chromatin condense
-spindle migrate/form -nuclear membrane disappear |
|
prophase 1 difference...
|
crossing over occurs
|
|
homologous chromosomes (2 pairs of chromosomes containing similar genetic materials...each chromosome from one parent)
|
)-(... )-(.....)=(.....)=(
1......2......3.4.....5.6 1 = maternal chromosome 2 = paternal chromosome 1/2 are homologous chromosomes 3/4 and 5/6 = sister chromatids |
|
synaptic pair = homologous chromosomes with 4 total chromatids
|
aka tetrad
|
|
crossing over =
|
exchange of genetic material between chromatids of homologous chromosomes
top half 1..2..3.4......1..2...3..4 )=(..)=(..-->..)=(....)=( 1..2..3.4.......1..3...2..4 bottom half refer to pg 84 |
|
crossing over does NOT occur between sister chromatids....
|
only between homologous chromosomes
|
|
the sister chromatids, after crossing over, are/not identical
|
are not
|
|
crossing over occurs because...
|
increases genetic diversity
|
|
metaphase 1
|
homologous, non-identical pairs line up at plate
-kinetochores attach |
|
anaphase 1
|
homologous pairs separate from one another...but SISTER CHROMATIDS DO NOT
-IT IS STILL CONSIDERED TO BE 2N!! |
|
process associated with anaphase 1 separation =
|
disjunction
|
|
disjunction =
|
random selection of which chromosome attached to which kinetochore
|
|
telophase 1
|
-nuclear membrane forms again
-1 chromosome in each cell -2 sister chromatids in each cell -haploid -cytokinesis occurs |
|
Meiosis 2
|
similar to mitosis
-NO replication of genetic materials!!! |
|
prophase II
|
centriole migration
-disappearance of nuclear membrane |
|
metaphase II
|
line up and kinetchores attach
|
|
anaphase II
|
SISTER chromatids separated
|
|
telophase II
|
reformation of nuclear membrane
-spindles disappear -4 cells -cytokinesis - |
|
at end of meiosis I...it produces 2 haploid cells containing 1 chromosome and 2 sister chromatids...
|
know
|
|
at end of meiosis 2 it produces 4 haploid cells with 1 chromatid each
|
know
|
|
nondisjunction occurs in stages...
|
anaphase I/II
-failed separation of homolougous chromosomes or sister chromatids |
|
sperm flow chart
SEVEN UP |
Seminiferous tubules
Epidydimis Vas deferens Ejaculatory duct Nothing Urethra Penis |
|
male gonads form -->
|
testes
|
|
testes have 2 functional components
|
1. seminiferous tubules
2. interstitial cells --aka cells of leydig |
|
sperm are produced where?
nourished where? |
seminiferous tubules; sperm nourished by sertoli cells
|
|
cells of leydig secrete...
|
testosterone and androgen
|
|
temperature is essential to sperm production
|
know
|
|
males share urethra for reproduction and urination
|
know
|
|
seminal fluid is produced by
|
seminal vesicles
prostate bulbourethral |
|
semen =
|
sperm + seminal fluid
|
|
semen = alkalin pH because...
|
vagina = acidic
|
|
spermatogenesis
|
formation of haploid sperm through meiosis
|
|
spermatogenesis occurs in the...
|
seminiferous tubules
|
|
2N state of sperm =
|
spermatogonia
|
|
spermatogonia -->
differentiation |
primary(1) spermatocyte(2N)
|
|
primary spermatocyte(2N) -->
1st meiotic division |
secondary(2) spermatocyte(N)
haploid |
|
secondary spermatocyte(N) -->
second meiotic division |
spermatid(N)
|
|
spermatid(N) -->
maturation |
spermatozoa(N)
|
|
sperm have caps called acrosomes
|
know
|
|
spermatogenesis reasults in...
|
4 haploid spermatozoans
|
|
female gonads =
|
ovaries
|
|
spermatogenesis
|
formation of haploid sperm through meiosis
|
|
spermatogenesis occurs in the...
|
seminiferous tubules
|
|
2N state of sperm =
|
spermatogonia
|
|
spermatogonia -->
differentiation |
primary(1) spermatocyte(2N)
|
|
primary spermatocyte(2N) -->
1st meiotic division |
secondary(2) spermatocyte(N)
haploid |
|
secondary spermatocyte(N) -->
second meiotic division |
spermatid(N)
|
|
spermatid(N) -->
maturation |
spermatozoa(N)
|
|
sperm have caps called acrosomes
|
know
|
|
spermatogenesis reasults in...
|
4 haploid spermatozoans
|
|
female gonads =
|
ovaries
|
|
ovaries produce 2 hormones...
|
estrogen
progesterone |
|
ovaries contain follicles that contain, nourish and protect ova
|
know
|
|
eggs are released into abdominal cavity/peritoneal sac
|
know
|
|
abdominal cavity -->
|
fallopian tube
|
|
fallopian tube -->
|
uterus
|
|
uterus =
|
site of fetal development
|
|
uterus -->
|
cervix --> vagina
|
|
oogenesis
|
production of female gametes
|
|
female gametes...
|
not unlimited
|
|
all oogonia formed during fetal development
|
know
|
|
primary oocytes =
|
2n diploid
|
|
primary oocytes are stuck in which phase??
|
prophase 1
|
|
once women begin menstration...
what is released? what stage occurs? what is produced? ____ and _____ |
one primary oocyte released/month and complete Meiosis 1 to produce a secondary oocyte and a polar body
|
|
secondary oocyte is frozen in what step??
|
metaphase II
|
|
secondary oocyte will not finish meiosis 2 unless...
|
fertilized
|
|
2 layers surround oocyte
|
zona pellucida
corona radiata |
|
Meiosis 2 is triggered when...
|
sperm penetrates 2 layers
|
|
secondary oocyte, after sperm penetration, will go into meiosis 2 to produce...
|
mature ovum and another polar body
|
|
4 things produced from oogenesis...however...
|
ovum is only functional unit..the polar bodies are not useful
|
|
when does menopause usually hit?
|
45-55
|
|
after menopause, ovaries become more/less sensitive to FSH and LH
|
less
|
|
after menopause, the levels of FSH and LH....
|
increase
-no estrogen and progesterone |
|
fertilization
|
occurs with 2ndary oocytes
|
|
sperm can survive for 1-2 days after ejaculation
|
know
|
|
sperm cells secrete acrosomal enzymes that help them penetrate layers of ovum
|
know
|
|
after sperm penetrate the layers....what reaction occurs?
|
cortical reaction
|
|
cortical reaction
|
Ca2+ released into cytoplasm and triggers formation of fertilization membrane
|
|
fertilization membrane
|
impenetrable by sperm
|
|
monozygotic twins =
|
identical
-when zygote splits -share same genome and blood type |
|
dizygotic twins
|
when 2 eggs released and fertilized
-individual developments |