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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
micrograph
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a photograph taken through a microscope
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Light microscope
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works by passing visible light through a specimen
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Magnification
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the increase in the apparent size of an object
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resolution
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a mesure of the clarity of an image, the ability to show two close objects as separate
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cell theory
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all living things are composed of cells and that all cells come from other cells
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electron microscope
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uses a beam of electrons
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scanning electron microscope
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used to study the detailed architecture of cell surfaces
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transmission electron microscope
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is used to study the details of internal cell structure
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prokaryotic cells
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what bacteria and archaea consist of
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eukaryotic cells
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protists, fungi, plants and animals are composed of
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plasma membrane
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what all cells are bounded by
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ribosomes
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tiny structrues that make proteins according to instructions from the genes
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nucleoid region
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where the DNA of a prokaryotic cell is housed
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cell wall
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outside the plasma membrane prokaryotes have a rigid chemically complex ___________. The wall protects the cell and maintains its shape
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capsule
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sticky outer coat, protects cell surface, help glue prokaryotes to surfaces
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pili
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help attach prokaryotes to surfaces
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prokaryotic flagella
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propel prokaryotic cell through liquid environment
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cytoplasm
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fluid filled region between teh nucleus and plasma membrane
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organelles
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structures inside the cell
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cellular metabolism
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collective name for the chemical activities within a cell which occur in the fluid spaces within membranous organelles
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nucleus
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contains DNA the genetic material of the cell's activities by directing protein synthesis
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chromatin
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very long fibers formed by DNA
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chromosome
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the individual fiber of chromatin
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nuclear envelope
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a double membrane perforated with pores that control the flow of materials into and out of the nucleus
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nucleolus
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produces building blocks of ribosomes which exit the nucleus through the pores
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vesicles
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sacs made of membrane which transfer membrane segments and physically connect membranes
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endomembrane system
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vesicles that work together in the synthesis, storage and export of molecules
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endoplasmic reticulum
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extensive network fo flattened sacs and tubes, prime example of the direct interrelatedness of parts of the endomembrane system
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Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
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a network of interconnected tubules which lacks attached ribosomes, it synthesises lipids (fatty acids, phospholipids, and steroids)
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rough endoplasmic reticulum
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has ribosomes, two functions: 1. make more membrane
2. modify proteins that will be transported to other organelles or secreted by the cell |
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secretory protein
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a hormone let out of certain cells that is synthesized in the rough ER
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glycoprotein
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short chains of sugar linked to a polypeptide.
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transport vesicle
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where the synthesized protein goes to be taken away from the rough er
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Golgi apparatus
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recieves, modifies products from the er, packages and sends them in transport vesicles
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lysosome
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consist of digestive enzymes enclosed in a membranous sac. break down food and release nutrients to the cell
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vacuoles
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membranous sacs generally larger than vesicles that belong to the endomembrane system
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central vacuole
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helps plant cell grow by absorbing water, stores vital chemicals or waste products as well.
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contractile vacuoles
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collect excess water and expel it to the outside.
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chloroplasts
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the photosynthesizing organelles of all photosynthetic eukaryotes
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stroma
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thick fluid in chloroplasts inclosed by the inner membrane.
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secretory protein
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a hormone let out of certain cells that is synthesized in the rough ER
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glycoprotein
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short chains of sugar linked to a polypeptide.
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transport vesicle
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where the synthesized protein goes to be taken away from the rough er
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Golgi apparatus
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recieves, modifies products from the er, packages and sends them in transport vesicles
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lysosome
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consist of digestive enzymes enclosed in a membranous sac. break down food and release nutrients to the cell
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vacuoles
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membranous sacs generally larger than vesicles that belong to the endomembrane system
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central vacuole
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helps plant cell grow by absorbing water, stores vital chemicals or waste products as well.
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contractile vacuoles
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collect excess water and expel it to the outside.
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chloroplasts
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the photosynthesizing organelles of all photosynthetic eukaryotes
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stroma
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thick fluid in chloroplasts inclosed by the inner membrane.
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granum
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chloroplast's solar power packs, sites where chlorophyll traps solar energy
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mitochondria
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organelles that carry out cellular respiration by converting chem. energy of foods into ATP
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intermembrane space
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forms a fluid compartment, highly folded where enzyme molecules that make ATP are embedded
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mitrochondrial matrix
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fluid compartment, many of the chemical reactions of cellular respiration take place
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cristae
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folds in intermembrane space, increase membrane's suface area nd enhance mitochondrion
s ability to produce ATP |
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cilia
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numerous appendages that propel protists
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flagella
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longer, not as many as cilia, appendages on protsit that propel them
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basal body
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has a pattern of nine microtuble triplets, acts as a foundation for microtubule assembly from tubulin subunits withn ciilium or flagellum gro
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centrioles
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identical to basal bodies in structure
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plasmodesmata
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numerous channels between adjacent plant cells, form a circulatory and communication system conecting the cells in plant tissues.
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extracellular matrix
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animal cells are embedded (and secrete) in the sticky layer of glocoprotein which holds them together, can have protective functions as well
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tight junctions
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bind cels very tightly forming a leakproof sheet, sheet of tissue that lines the digestive tract preventing the contents from leaking into surrounding tissues
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anchoring junctions
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rivet cells together with cytoskeletal fibers, forming strong sheets, common in tissues subject to stretching or mechanical stress, such as skin and heart muscle
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gap junctions
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channesl similar to plasmodesmata, allow small molecules to flow between neighboring cells
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