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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
new cells arise through the ____ of pre-existing cells
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division
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in animals, ____ leads to the production of sperm and eggs, which are gametes
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meiosis
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____ leads to the production of all somatic cells, which are all cells other than sperm and eggs
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mitosis
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____ is the division of the cytoplasm into two distinct cells
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cytokinesis
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mitosis and cytokinesis are responsible for three keys events in multicellular eukaryotes, what are they?
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1. growth 2. wound repair 3. reproduction
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______ reproduction produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent
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asexual reproduction
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a _________ consists of a single,long DNA double helix wrapped around proteins in a highly organized manner
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chromosome
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a _____ is a length of DNA that codes for a particular protein or RNA found in the cell
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gene
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each of the DNA copies in a replicated chromosome is called a ______
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chromatid
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two chromatids are joined together at a joint called the ___
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centromere
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growing cells alternate between a dividing phase called the ___ phase and non-dividing phase called ___
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alternate between the mitotic or M phase and the non-dividing phase called interphase
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___ phase is part of interphase, when DNA is synthesized
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S phase, or synthesis phase
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in what phase are chromosomes copied?
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in the S-phase of Interphase
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there are a total of 4 phases in the cell cycle- what are they?
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M phase, and an interphase consisting of G1, S, and G2 phases
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the ____ phase provides the time for the cell to grow and synthesize enough organelles for mitosis to take place
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Gap phase
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eukaryotic chromosomes consist of DNA associated with globular proteins called ____
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histones
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in eukaryotes, the DNA-histone combination is called _____
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chromatin
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what does the mnemonic IPPMAT stand for?
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interphase is followed by prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
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what are the 5 sub-phases of mitosis?
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prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
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mitosis begins with ______, when chromosomes condense into compact structures
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prophase
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prophase is marked by the formation of the _____ apparatus
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spindle apparatus
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the _____ is a structure that produces mechanical forces that pull chromosomes to the poles, and push the poles away from each other
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spindle apparatus
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in the spindle apparatus, _____ microtubules extend from each spindle and overlap each other in the middle of the cell. ______ tubules attach to the chromosomes
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polar microtubules cross the cell to bush the cell apart, kinetochore microtubules attach to the chromosomes
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a ____ contains a pair of centrioles
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centrosome
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in _______, the nucleolus disappears the the nuclear envelops disintegrates. kinetochore microtubules attach to the chromosomes.
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prometaphase
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in ______, centrosomes have moved to the opposite poles, and the kinetochore microtubules finish moving the chromosomes to the middle of the cell.
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metaphase "middle phase"
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in ____, the sister chromatids are separated, and chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell
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anaphase "against phase"
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in ______, the nuclear envelope reforms, and the spindle apparatus disintegrates. chromosomes begin to de-condense
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telophase "end phase"
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after telophase, _____ begins, and the cell is divided into two daughter cells
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cytokinesis
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in plants, the cell divides at the_____
in animals, the cell divides at the _____ |
plant cells divide at the cell plate
animal cells divide at the cleavage furrow |
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at the cleavage furrow, a ring of ______ bisects the cell
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actin filaments
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microtubules move chromosomes along during mitosis by losing ____ dimers at the ____
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by losing tubulin dimers at the kinetochore
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at which end do microtubules lose tubulin dimers? the plus or minus end?
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the plus end, at the kinetochore
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a structure composed of a DNA molecule and associated proteins is a _______
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chromosome
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the material that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes, consists of a DNA molecule complexed with histone proteins
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chromatin
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one strand of replicated chromosome is a ______
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chromatid
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the two strands of a replicated chromosome, containing identical genetic material
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sister chromatids
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the structure that joins sister chromatids
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centromere
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the structures on sister chromatids where kinetochore microtubules attach
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kinetochore
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any structure that organizes microtubules
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microtubule organizing center
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the microtubule organizing center in animals is the ___
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centrosome
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cylindrical structures that comprise microtubules, located inside animal centrosomes
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centrioles
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in rapidly dividing cells, ___ phase is essentially eliminated
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G1
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most non-dividing cells do not leave ____ phase
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G1. this is sometimes called G-zero. an example is nerve cells
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___ induces mitosis in all eukaryotes
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MPF "mitosis promoting factor"
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MPF - mitosis promoting factor- is made of _______ and _____
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protein kinase and cyclins
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the protein kinase of MPF can be active only when bound to the ____
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cyclin
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MPF is deactivated during _____, when its cyclin is degraded. an example of negative feedback.
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anaphase
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cells that keep diving because they lack the proper cell cycle checkpoints are called _____
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tumors
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there are three checkpoints in the first four phases of the cell cycle. where are they?
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G1, G2, Metaphase
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what does the G1 checkpoint look for?
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size, availability of nutrients, social signals, damage to DNA
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if the G1 checkpoint finds damaged DNA, the p53 protein activates the cells programmed destruction, called ____
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apoptosis
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regulatory proteins like p53 are called ____
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tumor suppressors
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what stops cells at the G2 checkpoint?
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if MPF is not activated, or DNA or chromosomes are not replicated correctly
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what stops cells at the metaphase checkpoint?
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if chromosomes are not all attached properly to the spindle apparatus
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___ is a general term for disease caused by cells that divide in an uncontrolled fashion, invade nearby tissues, and spread throughout the body
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cancer
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what are the two defects cancer cells have?
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1. the proteins required for cell growth are active when they shouldnt be
2. tumor supressor genes are not shutting down the cell cycle |
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a _____ tumor is one that is cancerous
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malignant
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masses of noninvasive cells are noncancerous and form ____ tumors
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benign
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____ is the process of cancer cells spreading from the primary tumor site and invading other tissues
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metastasis
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cancer is seldom due to a ____ defect. Most cancers develop only after ____ genes have been damaged
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seldom due to a single defect, most develop only after several genes have been damaged
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