Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Molecules vs molecular compounds |
2+ of same element vs 2+ of different element |
|
specific heat |
amount of energy required to raise temp of substance by 1 degree |
|
heat of vaporization |
amount of heat a liquid must absorb for 1g to be converted from liquid to gas water is 2x that of alcohol |
|
evaporative cooling |
when liquid evaporates, remaining amount cools. This helps stabilize organism's temperatures |
|
cohesion vs. adhesion |
cohesion helps water move up, adhesion also helps counter gravity (capillary action) |
|
heat is measured in_____ and proportional to_____ it is a measurement of the total amount of______ |
joules or calories, matter kinetic energy |
|
a redox reaction involves ____ bonds |
ionic |
|
inductive reasoning vs deductive reasoning |
specific to general vs. general to specific |
|
genome |
entire library of genes in an organism |
|
most of life is composed of these 4: the next 4 are: and the rest are called: |
C, H, O, N Potassium, Calcium, Phospohorus, Sulfur trace elements |
|
one calorie = |
the amount of energy it takes to raise 1g water 1degree C |
|
acid precipitation occurs when: |
rain+So2+NO mix in the air to form sulfuric acid and nitrous acid |
|
cells are 70-95% H2O and the rest are______ |
carbon-based compounds |
|
hydrocarbons_________. They are_______and_______ |
consist only of hydrogen and carbon hydrophobic and nonpolar |
|
Isomers have: |
the same molecular formula, but different structure and vastly different properties |
|
structural isomers |
different shape+arrangement of atoms |
|
geometric isomers |
same molecular shape, but different arrangement around a double bond |
|
enantiomers |
mirror images of each other. Important in pharm industry. Either R(D) or S(L) |
|
enantiomer examples |
ibuprofin - R is ineffective, S treats inflammation albuterol - R treats asthma, S causes inflammation thalidomide-R treats leperosy and multiple myeloma, S causes birth defects dopa - R has no effect, L/S is effective for Parkinson's |
|
functional groups allow chemists |
to predict the reactivity of a molecule |
|
acid: |
a substance that, when added to H2O, splits the H2O so that there is an increase in H+ ions |
|
base: |
a substance that when added to water, takes up H+ ions or yields OH- |
|
effects of long term changes in pH level are: |
bad! diabetes lowers blood pH from 7.25 to 7, causing major kidney problems and damage to central nervous system. Must have dialysis to literally replace blood |
|
the majoritry of CO2 "waste" produced by a cell is used: |
to make bicarbonate buffer |
|
water ionization creates___________ |
acids and bases! |
|
hydrogen ion: hydronium ion: hydroxide ion: |
the proton transferred to another H2O molecule when the hydrogen bond breaks molecule that gained the proton molecule that lost the proton |
|
acidosis: alkalosis: |
too low Ph is blood - CNS failure too high - tetany, seizures |
|
bicarbonate = and it: |
CO2 and H2O mix makes a buffer that stabilizes blood pH |
|
acid precipitation has a pH lower than: |
5.6 |
|
White fat cells: Brown fat cells: |
stored in cytoplasm, used for storage mitochondria convert fat to heat |
|
a protein's______________or_______ determines its function |
confirmation or shape |
|
factors that affect protein shape: |
pH, temp, amino sequence, ionic bond between amino, hydrophobic interactions, van der wall forces, sulfide bonds |
|
Primary structure: |
linear shape, determined by DNA, with an AMINO END and a CARBOXYL end, like a necklace in primary school |
|
Sickle cell disease: results from sing amino substitution in hemoglobin protein. changes shape in primary structure, affecting cat structure by making two molecules crystallize into a fiber |
|
|
most genetic diseases result from... |
a defective or abnormal protein, e.g. cystic fibrosis |
|
NADH and NAD |
nucleotides working as electron carriers in redox reactions |
|
cAMP |
nucleotides working as secondary chemical messengers |
|
Pyrimidines |
have single, six membered ring CUT |
|
purines |
have 6-membered ring fused with 5-membered ring AU |