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67 Cards in this Set
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asexual reproduction
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the production of genetically identical offspring from a single parent cell or organism
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无性繁殖
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sexual reproduction
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production of a new individual resulting from the joining of two sex cells
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有性繁殖
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diploid
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having two sets of chromosomes in the cell(2n)
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二倍体
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haploid
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cell containing a single set of chromosomes (half the full chromosome number (n))
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单倍体
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zygote
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new diploid cell formed when two haploid gametes fuse at fertilisation
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合子
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fertilisation
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joining of two gametes to form a new individual (zygote)
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受精
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gonad
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organ that produces sex cells, such as testis or ovary in humans
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性腺
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anther
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male sex organ in plants
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花药
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ovary
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female sex organ in animals and plants
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子房
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pollen
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male gamete in plants
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花粉
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ovule
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female gamete produced in plants
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胚珠
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testis
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male sex organ in humans
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睾丸
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spermatozoa
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haploid male gamete
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精子
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ovum
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(plural ova) haploid female gamete
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卵子
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sex pilus
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strand of cytoplasm between two bacteria during sexual reproduction
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性菌毛
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bacterial conjugation
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sexual reproduction in bacteria
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细菌结合
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microspore
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precusor of male gamete in plants
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孢子
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megaspore
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precusor of female gamete in plants
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大孢子
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crossing over
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process by which chromatids break and rejoin, introducing variety during meiosis
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跨越
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independant
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the random distribution of chromosomes from parents into offspring
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独立
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recombination
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process by which DNA strands are broken and rejoined. often occurs during meiosis.
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重组
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chiasma
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(plural chiasmata) points where chromatids break during crossing over
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视交叉
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gametogenesis
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formation of the gametes
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配子产生
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spermatogenesis
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formation of sperm
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精子产生
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oogenesis
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formation of ova
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卵子产生
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mitotic divisions
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有丝分裂
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meiotic divisions
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减数分裂
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oocytes
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卵母细胞
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sporophyte
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diploid generation of plants
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孢子体
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gametophyte
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haploid, sexual generation of plants
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配子体
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pollen sac
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region of anther where pollen grains develop
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花粉囊
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tube nucleus
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forms the pollen tube for fertilisation in plants
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管核
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generative nucleus
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nucleus in the pollen tube containing the chromosomes which fuses with the female nucleus in the ovule
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生成核
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placenta
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in mammals, the organ where nutrients and oxygen from the mother pass into the blood of the fetus and waste products from the fetus pass into the blood of the mother by diffusion. in plants, the pad of tissue which joins the ovule to the ovary wall.
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胎盘
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embryo sac
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contains the gametophyte (配子体) generation in the ovary (卵巢) of flowering plants.
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胚囊
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megagamete
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the female gamete in a plant
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配子
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pollination
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the arrival of pollen grains on the female parts of a flower
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授粉
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external fertilisation
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fertilisation that takes place outside the body
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体外受精
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internal fertilisation
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fertilisation that takes place inside the body
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体内受精
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mating
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process by which male gametes are released directly into the body of the female
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交配
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secondary oocyte
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the ovum released at ovulation when meiosis has not been fully completed
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次级卵母细胞
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zona pellucida
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protective layer of jelly around an animal ovum
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卵透明带
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acrosome reaction
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release of enzymes from the acrosome when the head of the sperm touches the surface of the ovum
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精子顶体反应
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polyspermy
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when more than one sperm penetrates the fertile ovum
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多精入卵
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fertilisation membrane
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thick membrane formed around the outside of an ovum once it has been fertilised by a sperm
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受精膜
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conception
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the fusing of the sperm and the ovum
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受孕
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follicle cell
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毛囊细胞
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cortical granules
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皮质颗粒
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germinate
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the growth of the pollen grain on the stigma of a plant. the growth of a seed into a young plant
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发芽
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pollen tube
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tube which grows out of a pollen grain down the stigma into the ovule in the ovary to transport the pollen nuclei.
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花粉管
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double fertilisation
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in plants where one male nucleus fuses with two polar bodies and the other fuses with the female gamete (egg) nucleus to form a zygote
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双受精
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endosperm nucleus
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triploid nucleus formed when male nucleus fuses with two polar bodies in the ovule of a plant
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胚乳核
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triploid
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containing three sets of chromosomes
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三倍体
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cleavage
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special form of mitosis which involves rapid cell division without interphase pauses for assimilation and cell expansion
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卵裂
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blastocyst
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early embryo consisting of a ball of cells
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囊胚
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pluripotent
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cells with the potential to form most of the cell types needed in an organism
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多能干细胞
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cell determination
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predestination of embryonic cells to become a particular tissue type
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测定细胞
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differentiate
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the process by which cells become specialised for a particular function and lose the ability to form different types of cells (lose pluripotency)
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分化
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tissue culture
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growth of tissues in the laboratory outside of the whole organism
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组织培养
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embryo splitting
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process of splitting early embryos while the cells are totipotent to produce a number of identical clones in animal husbandry
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胚胎分割
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internal stimulus
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signal or change from inside the body or cell
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内部刺激
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external stimulus
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signal or change from outside the body or cell
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外部刺激
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gene probe
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technique for identifying active genes in a cell
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基因探针
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ecdysone
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insect hormone that controls the moulting process
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蜕皮激素
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juvenile hormone
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insect hormone that controls the maturity of the instar produced after each moult
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保幼激素
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transgenic
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organisms which have genes from another organism engineered into their DNA
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转基因
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embryonic stem cell
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cells from the early embryo which are pluripotent or totipotent, can form most or all of the cell types of an organism
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胚胎干细胞
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