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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Monomer (Building Block) |
~ Small unit molecule joined with others to form polymer ~ Ex) Amino acids, simple sugars, fatty acids, nucleotides |
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Polymer |
~ Large molecule which consists of repeating units or monomers ~ Ex) Proteins, Starch, Neutral Fat, DNA/RNA |
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Macromolecule |
~ A large molecule ~ Ex) Neutral fat, RNA/DNA |
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Macromolecules: Organic Compounds |
~ Contain C & H ~ Important biological molecules ~ Formed in dehydration synthesis reactions |
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Dehydration Synthesis Reactions |
~ Type of chemical reaction which occurs in cells - Small molecules (monomers) are joined to form large molecules (polymers) - Water is released in the process ~ The water molecule forms from a hydroxyl (-OH) group from the end of one molecule and a hydrogen atom from the end of the second molecule. Water is released in the process and a covalent (peptide) bond forms between the two monomers. ~ Dehydration synthesis reactions result in the formation of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids - Specific enzymes are needed to catalyze each type of dehydration synthesis reaction |
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Hydrolysis Reactions |
~ Reverse reactions of dehydration synthesis - Large molecules (polymers) are broken down into the molecules (monomers) of which they are composed - The addition of water leads to a disruption of the chemical bonds linking molecules together ~ The hydroxyl group from the water attaches to one side of the chemical bond and the hydrogen of water attaches to the other side - This breaks the bond between the two monomers ~ Hydrolysis reactions result in the breakdown of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids - Specific enzymes are needed to catalyze each type of hydrolysis reaction |
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Carbohydrates |
~ Characterized by the empirical formula (CH20) ~ Hydrates of carbon - due to the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen within any carbohydrate molecule (2H: 1O) ~ Carbohydrates contain only carbon, oxygen,and hydrogen |
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Carbohydrates: Types Of Carbohydrates and Functions |
~ Primary function: Energy Source ~ Monosaccarides, Disaccharides,Polysaccharides |
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Carbohydrates: Types Of Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides |
~ Structure - One sugar unit (monomer) - Small number of carbon atoms (3-7C) - Carbons may be organized linearly or in a ring ~ Examples - 5 Carbon Sugars (pentose sugars): ribose and deoxyribose - structural components of nucleic acids (RNA/ DNA) - 6 Carbon Sugars (hexose sugars): glucose, fructose and galactose ~ Functions: - Primary energy source for cells (especially glucose) - Monomers for disaccarides and polysaccarides ~ The most common monosaccharide is glucose |
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Carbohydrates: Types Of Carbohydrates: Disaccharides |
~ Structure: - consist of two monosaccharides covalently bonded through dehydration synthesis - weak bond called "glycosidic or ester linkage" - these bonds are broken without using too much energy - primary function: energy storage - only monosaccharides can be directly used by organisms for energy (must first be broken down to their monomers before they can be used for energy by a cell) ~ Examples: Maltose, Sucrose, Lactose |
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Carbohydrates: Types Of Carbohydrates: Disaccharides: Maltose |
~ Formed when two glucose molecules combine ~ Function: - Energy storage |
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Carbohydrates: Types Of Carbohydrates: Disaccharides: Sucrose |
~ Formed when one glucose molecules combines with one fructose molecule ~ Function: - Energy storage in plants and energy transport in plants - Sugars made in the leaves of green plants are transported to non photosynthetic regions for storage in the form of sucrose |
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Carbohydrates: Types Of Carbohydrates: Disaccharides: Lactose |
~ Formed when one lactose molecule combines with one galactose molecule ~ Function: - Energy storage |
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Carbohydrates: Types Of Carbohydrates: Polysaccharides |
~ Structure: - consist of many (3 or more) monosaccharides which are linked together through dehydration synthesis - polysaccharides are fairly large molecules (macromolecules) and consist of many repeating units (monomers) and are described as polymers ~ Types: Starch (amylose), Glycogen, Cellulose,Chitin ~ Other Functions: Chains of carbohydrates are attached to the outside of the cell membrane. carbohydrates are attached to either proteins (glycoproteins) or fats (glycolipids) - Carbohydrate chain function in - cell-cell recognition: acts as a marker so the immune system recognizes the cell - form receptor sites for specific molecules to attach to allow communication between cells ie. protein hormones attach to specific receptor sites on the outside of their target cells |
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Carbohydrates: Types Of Carbohydrates: Polysaccharides: Starch (Amylose) |
~ Structure - polymer of glucose - consists of a relatively straight chain of glucose molecules with few side branches - glucose monomers in starch are joined by alpha 1-4 bonds (glycosidic bonds) formed in the process of dehydration synthesis - found in plants ~ Function: - energy storage in plants |
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Carbohydrates: Types Of Carbohydrates: Polysaccharides: Glycogen |
~ Structure: - Hexagonal - polymer of glucose - consists of highly branched chain of glucose molecules - glucose monomers in glycogen are joined by alpha 1-4 bonds (glycosidic bonds) formed in the process of dehydration synthesis - found in animals ~ Function: - short term energy storage in animals (stored in the muscles and liver) |
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Carbohydrates: Types Of Carbohydrates: Polysaccharides: Cellulose |
~ Structure: - polymer of glucose - straight/ linear chain of glucose molecules (no branching straight chains form cellulose fibres) - glucose monomers in cellulose are joined by beta 1-4 bonds (glycosidic bonds) formed in the process of dehydration synthesis - found in plants ~ Function: - important structural component in plant cell walls. The presence of cellulose within the cell wall provides the plant cell with strength and support |
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Carbohydrates: Types Of Carbohydrates: Polysaccharides: Chitin |
~ Structure: - polymer of glucose - structure similar to cellulose, glucose monomers are joined by beta 1-4 bonds - unique as this polysaccharide contains nitrogen* - combines with calcium carbonate to form strong structural compound ~ Function: - used make exoskeleton in arthropods and cell walls in fungi |
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Lipids |
~ Organic molecules which consist primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Some contain small amounts of phosphorous and nitrogen ~ the ratio of H+ to O is higher, therefore insoluble in water ~ Three types: Neutral fats, phospholipids, and steroids |
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Lipids: Types Of Lipids: Neutral Fats (Triglycerides) |
~ Nonpolar; water insoluble ~ Structure: - consist of one molecule of glycerol and three fatty acids - Fatty acids consist of a long hydrocarbon chain ending in a -COOH group (carboxylic acid) - In cells, most fatty acids contain between 16-18 carbon atoms ~ Triglycerides are formed by 3 dehydration synthesis reactions; three fatty acid molecules combine with 1 glycerol molecule to form a triglyceride or neutral fat ~ Functions: - Serve as long term energy storage in animals - insulation for animals living in colder regions |
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Lipids: Types Of Lipids: Neutral Fats (Triglycerides): Saturated Fats |
~ Consist of saturated fatty acids ~ Typically solid at room temperature ~ Derived from animal sources - Eg) butter, animal fats ~ Contain the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms ~ No double bonds between the carbon atoms and hydrocarbon chain ~ Lack of a double bond produces a relatively straight molecule ~ As a result, saturated fatty acids tend to be packed tightly together |
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Lipids: Types Of Lipids: Neutral Fats (Triglycerides): Unsaturated Fats |
~ Consist of unsaturated fatty acids ~ Typically liquids are room temperature ~ Derived from plant sources -Eg) oils (vegetable, etc) ~ Contain less than the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms ~ Double bonds occur between the carbon in the hydrocarbon chain wherever there are fewer than two hydrogen atoms per carbon atom ~ Presence of double bond produce a bent molecule ~ As a result, unsaturated fatty acids are not packed tightly together |
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Lipids: Types Of Lipids: Phospholipids (Structure) |
~ Structure: - Similar to neutral fats - Consist of one glycerol molecule joined to 2 fatty acids; the third fatty acid is replaced by a phosphate group - The phosphate group is in turn, often attached to a nitrogen containing group - The fatty acids and phosphate groups are attached to the glycerol molecule by 3 dehydration synthesis reactions - Have both a polar and non polar region - The phosphate end of the phospholipid can ionize and therefore is polar and soluble in water (the phosphate head) |
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Hydrophilic |
A type of molecule that interacts with water by dissolving in water and/or forming hydrogen bonds |
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Hydrophobic |
A type of molecule that does not interact with water; insoluble, non polar |
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Lipids: Types Of Lipids: Phospholipids (Functions) |
~ Major structural component of the cell membrane ~ Arrange themselves into a phospholipid bilayer in the presence of water - The polar phosphate heads face outward in contact with the watery cytoplasm or extracellular fluid. The nonpolar fatty acids face inward avoiding contact with water. |
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Lipids: Types Of Lipids: Steroids |
~ Structure - Very different from other fats - 4 fused carbon rights ( 3 six carbon rings and one 5 carbon ring) - Different steroids have different functional groups attached to them - Position of double bonds within the rings of the steroid may vary ~ Function - Cholesterol is used to make other steroids - Cholesterol helps stabilize the cell membrane - The sex hormones: testosterone, estrogen and progesterone, are steroid hormones that all have effects on sexual characteristics and reproduction - Aldosterone is a steroid hormone which helps control blood sodium levels and blood pressure - Cortisol is a steroid hormone which helps in the recovery from physical injury and reduces the inflammatory response |
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Functional Group |
A characteristic arrangement of atoms within a molecule that determine the important chemical and physical properties of the compound |
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Hormone |
A chemical messenger responsible for controlling specific body functions |