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118 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
moleules |
atoms arranged in fixed ratios |
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compounds |
elements combined together in fixed rations, held together by chemical bonds |
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orbital |
Region of space that is occupied by electrons located around the nucleus of an atom |
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energy levels |
Within the orbital. Also known as energy shells and are numbered as 123 excetera. |
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The further away an electron is from the nucleus |
The greater the energy |
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Inert atoms |
They have a complete octet sand are non active |
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Cation |
Ion with a positive charge |
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anion |
Ion with a negative charge |
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What determines the strength of covalent bonds |
The electronegativity of each atom |
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Electronegativity |
The measure of an atom's attraction to share electrons |
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Polar covalent bonds |
A bond between two atoms. Made up of unequally shared electrons |
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Polarity |
Partial positive or negative charge at the ends of a molecule |
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Electronegativity distance |
Below 0.4 is nonpolar covalent. before 1.8 is polar covalent. After 1.8 it's an ionic bond |
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Intermolecular force |
Force of attraction between two molecules |
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Van Der waals forces |
Very weak attraction between two molecules or parts of molecules when they're close together. London Force, dipole dipole Force, hydrogen bonding |
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Water is the |
Universal solvent. More substances dissolve in water than anything else |
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Properties of water |
Special because it's size, shape, polar structure, and ability to associate with each other because of hydrogen bonding. Hydrogen bonds between water constantly break and reform new positions. The fluid property is created by the lattice it forms between the molecules |
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How is ice created |
When the water lattice becomes a rigid crystalline structure |
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Specific heat |
The amount of thermal energy required to raise the temperature of a given quantity of a substance by 1 degrees Celsius |
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Up until how many degrees does water stay liquid |
0 to 100 degrees |
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Property of adhesion |
Occurs between water molecules and other polar molecules |
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Cohesion |
Create surface tension, which is the measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid |
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Hydrophilic molecules |
Polar or charged molecules that are strongly attracted to water |
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Hydrophobic molecules |
Nonpolar molecules that are not attracted to water |
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Why can cells in blood carry out the reactions they do |
They are made up of water molecules which means they can dissolve thousands of solutes necessary for life |
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Autoionization |
Process in which air molecules spontaneously dissociates into ions |
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What happens when water reacts with itself |
Forms hydronium ions, h3o + oh, and hydroxide, oh -. There's an equal amount of each When the concentration is altered acids and bases are created |
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When there's more hydronium ions |
An acid is created |
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When there are more hydroxide ions |
A base is created |
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What does the strength of an acid or base depend on |
The degree to which it ionizes when dissolved in water. Strong acids and bases are completely dissociated in water, creating an aqueous solution |
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Hydrocarbon |
Molecules that are made up of a carbon and hydrogen atoms. For example methane, CH4 |
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Organic molecules |
Molecules consisting of a carbon chain, with hydrogen and other atoms (nitrogen oxygen and sulphur) attached |
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Why can carbon form the backbone of large diverse molecules |
Carbon's ability to form bonds like for covalent bonds |
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Why is carbon bonding unique |
It has the ability to form four single covalent bonds but may also form double and triple covalent bonds |
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Is the lipid molecule a polymer |
No but it is composed of subunits glycerol and fatty acid chains |
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Functional group |
A group of atoms that affects the function of a molecule by participating in chemical reactions. Usually strongly polar or ionic. They form small reactive groups which allow organic molecules to undergo synthesis and dehydration |
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Hydroxyl group |
Oh. Alcohol, ethyl alcohol |
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carbonyl group |
=o, aldehyde, acetaldehyde |
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carboxyl group |
(COOH) krganic acids, acetic acid |
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amino group |
NH2, amino acids, alanine |
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phosphate |
po4, nucleic acids, glyeraldehydes-3-phosphate |
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sulfhydryl |
sh, cellular molecules, merceptoethanol |
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Dehydration and hydrolysis |
H+ and O H - ions are gained or lost from organic molecules. Dehydration is the removal of water usually during the building of a larger molecule from smaller subunits. |
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Carbohydrates |
Consists of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. Most common biomolecule on Earth. Needed by all living things, photosynthesis or cellular respiration |
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Function of carbohydrates |
Primary energy source of the cells and also use as a structural component of cells and organisms |
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Monosaccharides |
Made of six carbons and are isomers of each other. Consists of a single sugar unit. Building block for more complex carbs. |
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Types of monosaccharides |
Glucose galactose and fructose |
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Triose |
Monosaccharide with 3 carbons. Glyceraldehyde |
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Pentose |
Monosaccharide with 5 carbons. Ribose |
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Hexose |
Monosaccharide with 6 carbons. Glucose |
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Formula for simple sugar molecules |
C6 h-12 o-6 |
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Glucose appearance |
A linear molecule but in the presence of water it becomes rings as the functional groups hydroxyl and carbonyl interact |
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Alpha glucose and beta glucose |
When glucose forms a ring there's two possible Arrangements when the oah group attaches to the carbon deposition one. There are isomers of each other |
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Isomer |
A molecule that has the same composition as another but a different arrangement of atoms |
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Alpha glucose |
Starch |
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Beta glucose |
Cellulose |
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Disaccharides |
Created when two monosaccharides are bonded together through a dehydration reaction. |
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Types of disaccharides |
Maltose lactose and sucrose |
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How is maltose created |
When two glucose molecules form a glycosidic bond between the o h group on carbon position of one glucose and the o h group on carbon position for of another glucose |
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Glycosidic Bond |
Bond between two monosaccharides |
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What is the linkage of saccharides determined by |
The orientation of the o h group to the carbon position 1 |
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Complex carbohydrates |
Important energy storage and structural molecules, depending on the amount of monosaccharides that make up the chain |
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Energy storage versus structural complex carbs |
Energy storage and chitin / cellulose |
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What are complex carbs made |
Hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides linked together. An essential part of nutrition into valuable energy source |
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Macromolecules |
Made up of many monosaccharide subunits bonded together glycosidic bonds through a dehydration reaction |
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Polysaccharide |
Many linked monosaccharides. This is a polymerization reaction |
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Polymerization |
Process in which small subunits are linked to form one large molecule |
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Types of polysaccharides |
Cellulose which is structural, starch which is an energy source in plants, glycogen which is an energy source in animals from the digestion of starch, |
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Monomer |
Small molecule that can bind chemically to other molecules |
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Polymer |
Large molecule that is formed when monomers linked together chemically in a chain |
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Lipids |
Nonpolar molecules composed mostly of carbon and hydrogen in some oxygen. Insoluble in water. Not polymers because they are not made of repeating subunits |
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Function of lipids |
Secondary energy source for the cell and a structural component of cells, hormones, certain vitamins, immune response, isolation, and Waterproofing |
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Fatty acids |
Molecule that consists of a carboxyl group and a hydrocarbon chain. They have a single hydrocarbon chain with the carboxyl on one end. The carboxyl allows change interact with other molecules and gives it acidic properties |
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Fatty acid chain |
Consists of four or more carbons in the hydrocarbon backbone. Most common forms have an even number of carbons ranging from 14 to 22 |
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Saturated chains |
Carbon bonded together by single covalent bonds |
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Unsaturated chains |
Have one or more double covalent bonds between carbons making up the chain |
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Mono saturated chains |
Have only one double covalent bonds in the chain |
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Poly saturated chains |
Have many double covalent bonds |
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Fats |
Made up of two molecules, glycerol and fatty acid chains. Fatty acid chains bound to a glycerol group buy a dehydration synthesis reaction which forms an ester linkage. The carboxyl group of the acid reacts with the hydroxyl group of the glycerol molecule |
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Triglycerides |
Three fatty acid chains linked to a glycerol group. Primarily energy source |
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Saturated fat |
Lipid composed of unsaturated fatty acids with single Bonds in their hydrocarbon chain |
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Unsaturated fat |
Lipid composed of unsaturated fatty acids with double Bonds in their hydrocarbon chain |
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Phospholipid |
Lipid with two fatty acids and a phosphate group bonded to a glycerol group. Primary lipids in cell membranes. Hydrophobic and philic |
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Structure of phospholipids |
The phosphate portion or head region is polar and hydrophilic. Fatty acid chains are nonpolar and hydrophobic. They make a bilayer cell membrane |
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Amino acids |
A molecule that has a carboxyl group and an amino group. Serves as the monomer subunit of proteins |
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Amino acids |
A molecule that has a carboxyl group and an amino group. Serves as the monomer subunit of proteins |
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What makes up an amino acid |
Central carbon with a carboxyl group and an amino group attached at each end. The central carbon also has a radical group which leads to variation between Amino acids |
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How many types of amino acids are |
There are 20 kinds. 8 are essential and 12 are not |
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Protein |
Large molecule with many amino acid subunits that are joined by peptide bonds folded into a specific 3D shape |
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What do proteins do |
They carry vital structural and functional roles. Also hormones, carry substances across membranes, recognition and receptor protein, on cell membranes, enzymes, antibodies |
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Peptide bonds |
Covalent bond that links amino acids |
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Peptide |
Chain of amino acids subunits connected by peptide bonds |
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Polypeptide |
Peptide with more than 50 amino acids |
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Are proteins polymers |
Yes they're made up of monomers amino acids subunits |
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How are amino acids bonded |
Covalent bonds by dehydration |
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What is the process of amino acid bonding |
The amino group, nh2, I want amino acid, in terminal, will form a bond with a carboxyl group, C terminal cooh -, of another amino acid |
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Denaturation |
The loss of the structure and function of a protein. Can be caused by temperature and pH changes. The protein is in active if the structure is changed and permanent if the bonds are broken |
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Nucleic acid function |
Responsible for the synthesis of proteins. Also can transport chemical potential energy |
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DNA |
Stores genetic information and is found in the nucleus |
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RNA |
Communicates to the ribosome to produce a specific protein and is found in the nucleus and cytoplasm |
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What molecules can transport chemical potential energy |
Adenine triphosphate and guanosine triphosphate. There is also a m p, NAD, and f a d |
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Nucleotide |
The building block of nucleic acid. Consists of a 5 carbon sugar and nitrogenous base and one to three phosphate groups |
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Nucleotides are grouped into |
Purines which are double rings and pyrimidines which are single ring |
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Purines |
Adenine and guanine |
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Pyrimidines |
Thymine cytosine and uracil |
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Structure of DNA and RNA |
Poly nucleotide chains were a phosphate group is bonded to the 5 carbon of one sugar group in history carbon of another sugar group |
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Phosphodiester Bond |
It's a link formed between nucleotides by a phosphate Bridge |
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DNA structure |
Strands are in opposite directions and they're held together by hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous base pairs. |
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Atom can form how many hydrogen |
Two hydrogen bonds |
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How many hydrogen bonds can guanine form |
3 |
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How do enzymes speed up a chemical reaction |
Enzyme lowers the activation energy required to break chemical bonds |
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Enzyme |
Biological catalyst, usually A protein that speeds up a chemical reaction |
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Substrate |
The substance that is recognized by and binds to an enzyme |
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Active sites |
A pocket or Groove in an enzyme that binds its substrate |
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Induced fit model |
A model of enzyme activity that describes how an enzyme changes shape to better accommodate a substrate. Enzymes temporarily attached to the substrate allow the reaction and then is released so it can happen again |
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Induced fit model long description |
Enzymes only interact with the substrate at their active site. The groove is specific to the shape of the substrate. This model explains enzyme-substrate reaction. This stresses the bonds of the substrates enzyme substrate complex so the reaction occurs less energy. The transition state is when stuff happens |
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Competitive inhibition |
When something blocks the enzyme activity |
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Noncompetitive inhibition |
When something binds to the enzyme somewhere where it's not the active site but it changes the shape |