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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What organelle carries out respiration?
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Mitochondria
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What is the final electron acceptor in light reaction?
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NADP+, producing NADPH
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2 types of fermentation
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1. alcoholic fermintation
2. Lactic Acid Fermentation |
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What is phosphorylation?
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Phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate (PO4) group to a protein or other organic molecule. Phosphorylation activates or deactivates many protein enzymes, causing or preventing the mechanisms of diseases such as cancer and diabetes.
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Antennae Complex
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Pigment binding proteins that absorb sunlight
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Product of Calvin Cycle
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G3P (Sugar)
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Mutation
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A heritable change in the genetic material
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Stroma
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The fluid-filled region of the chloroplast between the Thylakoid membrane and the inner membrane
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Purine
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The bases adenine and guanine with double rings of nitrogen and carbon atoms
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Stomata
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Surface pores on plants surfaces that can be closed to retain water or open to allow the entry of CO 2, needed for photosynthesis and the exit of oxygen and water vapor
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How many ATP's does each NADH produce?
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3 ATP's
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How many ATP's does each FADH2 produce?
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2 ATP's
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Source of electrons for light reactions
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Water
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Telomeres
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A region at the ends of the eukaryotic chromosomes where a specialized form of DNA replication occurs.
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What enzyme produces ATP?
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ATP synthase
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Chemiosmosis
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A process for making ATP in which energy stored in an ion electrochemical gradient is used to make ATP and ADP and P
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What are light particles
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A type of electromagnetic radiation consists of energy in the form of electric and magnetic fields.
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What is regenerated in fermentation
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NAD is regenerated in fermentation by donating the H from NADH to pyruvic acid
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Bonds in DNA
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Base pairs in DNA are attached to each other via hydrogen bonds. The base pairs are attached to the backbone by covalent bonds.
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Product of Photosystem 1
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Photosystem 1 finally produces just NADPH through another electron transport chain
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Product of Photosystem 2
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Photosystem II finally produces oxygen which goes into the atmosphere and also ATP through an electron transport chain and ATP synthase.
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Types of Photosyntheis
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1. C3 Photosynthesis
2.C4 Photosynthesis 3. CAM Photosynthesis |
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Semi conservative replication
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Each daughter DNA copy contains one strand of parental DNA and one newly constructed strand
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Helicase
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6 ring protien that unzips DNA into 2 seperate strands
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Single Stranded Binding Protein (SSB)
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Bind to each single strand of DNA to stop them from reannealing (pairing again)
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Primase
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Synthesizes short RNA primers to start DNA replication
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Polymerase
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Strings nucleotides together to form a DNA strand
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Sliding Clamp
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Holds Polymerase onto DNA strand during replication
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RNase H
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Removes primers put there to start DNA replication
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Ligase
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Link short strands of DNA together to create one long continous chain
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What serves as the template during DNA replication?
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Each strand of the unzipped double helix.
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What does the electron pump through the ETC?
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Hydrogen Ions
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DNA backbone
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Made up of deoxyribose
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Base Pairs in DNA
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1.Adenine
2.Thymine 3.Guanine 4.Cytosine |
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Base Pairs in RNA
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1.Adenine
2.Uracil 3.Guanine 4.Cytosine |
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The final electron acceptor in respiration?
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Oxygen
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Where does photosynthesis occur?
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Photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts. The chloroplasts contains the pigment called chlorophyll where it receives sunlight
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What is the source of Oxygen in photosynthesis?
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Water (H2O)
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What is the final product of the original glucose in glycolysis?
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Pyruvic Acid
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X-Ray Diffraction
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Method Rosalind Franklin used to show DNA was shaped like a double helix.
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What information is carried by DNA
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Carries the "blue print" to construct other components of cells...our genes
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What enzyme combines with CO2 in the Calvin Cycle?
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Rubisco (RuBP carboxylase)
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What is regenerated in the calvin cycle?
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ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)
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What is the replication fork?
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Is the split created by the helicases when the hydrogen bonds holding it together are broken
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Leading Strand
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Strand oriented in 3' to 5', is replicated continuously going towards replication
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Lagging Strand
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Is oriented in the 3' to 5' manner built in opposite direction of replication fork, is replicated in short strands that are joined by ligase
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Role of topoisomerase
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Helps releive strain put on DNA ahead of replication fork by helicase when it unzips the double helix.
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When does fermentation occur?
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Fermentation occurs if there is not enough oxygen for aerobic respiration. Fermentation occurs when molecular oxygen is not available
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What is are telomerase?
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Telomerase is an enzyme (it ends in -ase) and it reattaches telomeres to chromosomes
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What is a telomere?
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Telomeres are bunches of DNA on the end of chromosomes. They are kind of like glue because they help prevent deterioration of chromosomes. They also help to determine the longevity of a cell. When chromosomes do their thing, some telomeres break off.
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What type of energy is light energy converted into?
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Chemical Energy
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What is needed for photosynthesis?
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1.chlorophyll
2. Sunlight 3. water 4. carbon dioxide |
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DNA components
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1. sugar (deoxyribose),
2. phosphate group, 3. nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, cytosine or guanine). |
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Light Energy is converted into what kind of energy?
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Chemical Energy
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Properties of Light
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1. Intensity
2.Frequency or Wavelength 3.polarization 4. phase |
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What is a photosystem?
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A multisubunit complex found mainly in the thylakoid membranes of plants and algae, and in the cytoplasmic membranes of photosynthetic bacteria. It is primarily involved in capturing light to cause a series of redox reactions.
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What pigments absorb light?
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Photosynthetic pigments
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Who discovered the chemical structure of DNA
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James Watson and Francis Crick
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3 Stages of Calvin cycle
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1. Carboxylation - CO2 is covalently linked to a carbon skeleton (RuBP)
2. Reduction - carbohydrate is formed at the expense of ATP and NADPH 3. Regeneration - the CO2 acceptor RuBP reforms at the expense of ATP |
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Role of RNA polymerase
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RNA polymerase (RNAP or RNApol) is an enzyme that produces RNA. In cells, RNAP is needed for constructing RNA chains from DNA genes as templates, a process called transcription.
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Components of nucleotide
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1. A pentose (5-carbon) sugar arranged in a ring called deoxyribose
2. An organic nitrogenous base 3. A phosphate group |
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What is produced in the Krebs (Citric Acid) Cycle?
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2 ATP
6 NADH 2 FADH 2 Co2 |
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What is alcohol fermentation?
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It is anerobic (no Oxygen) respiration where pyruvate sugars are converted into ethanol by adding NADH to them.
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What occurs in fermintation?
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It is anerobic (no Oxygen) respiration where pyruvate sugars are converted by adding NADH to them. When oxygen is available they are converted back into pyruvate acid.
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What happens to the electrons in NADH and FADH
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They travel through the electron transport chain (E.T.C.) and the are used to make ATP from ADP + P
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What is lactate fermentation
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It is anerobic fermintation (No Oxygen) that occurs when PYRUVATE ACID is changed into lactic acid by addition of hydrogen atoms from NADH
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Phosphoralation
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When Phosphate (P) is added to ADP to make ATP.
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Oxidative Phosphoralation
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Removal of Hydrogen atoms from NADH and FADH to make ATP and water by adding hydrogen atoms to Oxygen
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Importance of Oxaloacetate in Kreb Cycle
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condences with acetyl CoA via the enzyme citrate synthase to form citrate
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ATP and NADH produced in glycolysis
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4 ATP
2 NADH |
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What is prouced in the acetyle co A cycle
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4 CO2
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What end of DNa are nucleotides added to?
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5' end (nucleotides are added from 3' toward 5')
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Role of DNA polymerase in DNA errors
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it can detect mismatched bases as it is creating the DNA, and will remove the incorrect nucleotide and add a correct nucleotide.
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