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167 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Living systems are the ____ ____ chemical systems on earth |
Most complex |
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Life is constrained by the properties of ___ and ___ |
Chemistry, physics |
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Science is becoming more |
Interdisciplinary |
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___ unifies much of natural science ? |
Biology |
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Name the 7 characteristics of all living organisms. |
1. Cellular organization 2. Ordered complexity 3. Sensitivity 4. Growth, development, reproduction 5. Energy utilization 6. Homeostasis 7. Evolutionary adaptation |
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Living systems show ___ |
Hierarchical organization |
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Hierarchical organization- cellular organization level ____ |
• atoms, molecules, organelles, cells |
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A cell is the ___ |
Basic unit of life |
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Hierarchical organization- organismal level ___ |
• tissues, organs, organ system |
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What's the order of the population level? |
Population, species, community, ecosystem, biosphere |
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____ is an emergent property |
Life |
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Earth is an ecosystem called the ____ |
Biosphere |
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Science aims to understand the natural world by ___ and ___ |
Observation, reasoning |
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Science begins with ____, therefore, much of science is purely ____. |
Observations, descriptive |
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What's the two reasonings of science ? |
Deductive and inductive |
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Uses general principles to make specific reasoning |
Deductive reasoning |
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Uses specific observations to develop general conclusions |
Inductive reasoning |
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Scientists use a ___ ___ to gain understanding of the natural world. |
Systematic approach |
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What are the steps of a systematic approach ? |
1. Observation 2. Hypothesis formation 3. Prediction 4. Experimentation 5. Conclusion |
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What is a hypothesis ? |
A possible explanation for an observation |
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A hypothesis must be ___ to determine its validity. A hypothesis allows for __ to be made. |
Tested, predictions |
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Test the ___. Must test only ___ ___ at a time. Consists of a ___ and ___ experiment. |
Hypothesis, one, test, controlled |
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___ should make predictions |
Hypotheses |
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___ provide a way to test the validity of hypotheses |
Predictions |
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Hypothesis must be __ if the experiment produces results inconsistent with the predictions |
Rejected |
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To break a complex process down to its simpler parts? |
Reductionism |
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What are the four factors for models in science ? |
1.way to organize thought 2. Parts provided by reductionist approach 3. Model shows how they fit together 4. Suggest experiments to test the model |
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•Is a body of interconnected concepts •Is supported by much experimental evidence and scientific reasoning •expresses ideas of most certainty • Compare to general meaning of theory –Implies a lack of knowledge or a guess |
Scientific theory |
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Is intended to extend the boundaries of what we know |
Basic research |
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May involve food additives or drugs, Foundation provided by basic research. |
Applied research |
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Name Charles Darwins book |
Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection |
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Name Charles Darwins book |
Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection |
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What island did Darwin go to? |
Galapagos island |
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What did Darwin study? |
Thomas Malthus’s An Essay on the Principle of Population |
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What did Darwin study? |
Thomas Malthus’s An Essay on the Principle of Population |
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Populations of plants and animals increase ___ |
Geometrically |
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What did Darwin study? |
Thomas Malthus’s An Essay on the Principle of Population |
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Populations o plants and animals increase ___ |
Geometrically |
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Humans can only increase their food supply ____ |
Arithmetically |
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What did Darwin study? |
Thomas Malthus’s An Essay on the Principle of Population |
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Populations o plants and animals increase ___ |
Geometrically |
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Humans can only increase their food supply ____ |
Arithmetically |
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Why do populations of species remain constant? |
Death limits population numbers |
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What did Darwin study? |
Thomas Malthus’s An Essay on the Principle of Population |
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Populations of plants and animals increase ___ |
Geometrically |
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Humans can only increase their food supply ____ |
Arithmetically |
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Why do populations of species remain constant? |
Death limits population numbers |
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How old is earth? |
4.5 billion years |
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What did Darwin study? |
Thomas Malthus’s An Essay on the Principle of Population |
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Populations o plants and animals increase ___ |
Geometrically |
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Humans can only increase their food supply ____ |
Arithmetically |
|
Why do populations of species remain constant? |
Death limits population numbers |
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How old is earth? |
4.5 billion years |
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All share the same basic array of limbs |
Vertebrate forelimbs |
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What did Darwin study? |
Thomas Malthus’s An Essay on the Principle of Population |
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Populations o plants and animals increase ___ |
Geometrically |
|
Humans can only increase their food supply ____ |
Arithmetically |
|
Why do populations of species remain constant? |
Death limits population numbers |
|
How old is earth? |
4.5 billion years |
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All share the same basic array of limbs |
Vertebrate forelimbs |
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Same evolutionary origin but now differ in structure and function |
Mechanism for heredity |
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What did Darwin study? |
Thomas Malthus’s An Essay on the Principle of Population |
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Populations o plants and animals increase ___ |
Geometrically |
|
Humans can only increase their food supply ____ |
Arithmetically |
|
Why do populations of species remain constant? |
Death limits population numbers |
|
How old is earth? |
4.5 billion years |
|
All share the same basic array of limbs |
Vertebrate forelimbs |
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Same evolutionary origin but now differ in structure and function |
Mechanism for heredity |
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Structures of different origin, used for the same purpose |
Analogous |
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•all organisms are composed of cells • cells are the basic unit of life • all cells come from preexisting cells |
Cell theory |
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What did Darwin study? |
Thomas Malthus’s An Essay on the Principle of Population |
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Populations o plants and animals increase ___ |
Geometrically |
|
Humans can only increase their food supply ____ |
Arithmetically |
|
Why do populations of species remain constant? |
Death limits population numbers |
|
How old is earth? |
4.5 billion years |
|
All share the same basic array of limbs |
Vertebrate forelimbs |
|
Same evolutionary origin but now differ in structure and function |
Mechanism for heredity |
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Structures of different origin, used for the same purpose |
Analogous |
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•all organisms are composed of cells • cells are the basic unit of life • all cells come from preexisting cells |
Cell theory |
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Discrete unit of information |
Information |
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What did Darwin study? |
Thomas Malthus’s An Essay on the Principle of Population |
|
Entire set of DNA instructions |
Genome |
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Populations o plants and animals increase ___ |
Geometrically |
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Humans can only increase their food supply ____ |
Arithmetically |
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Why do populations of species remain constant? |
Death limits population numbers |
|
How old is earth? |
4.5 billion years |
|
All share the same basic array of limbs |
Vertebrate forelimbs |
|
Same evolutionary origin but now differ in structure and function |
Mechanism for heredity |
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Structures of different origin, used for the same purpose |
Analogous |
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•all organisms are composed of cells • cells are the basic unit of life • all cells come from preexisting cells |
Cell theory |
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Discrete unit of information |
Information |
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Continuity of life depends on ___ ___ of DNA into daughter cells |
Faithful copying |
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Diversity due to ____ changes over time |
Evolution |
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___ systems are open systems |
Living |
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Constant supply of energy is needed in the ___ ___ |
Non-equilibrium state |
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The no equilibrium state has ___ at different levels |
Self-organizing properties |
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Matter has __ and occupies ___ |
Mass, space |
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All matter is composed of ___ |
Atoms |
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Understanding the __ of atoms is critical to understanding the nature of ___ molecules |
Structure, biological |
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Atoms are composed of __ |
Protons neutrons and electrons |
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Positively charged particles located in the nucleus |
Protons |
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Neutral particles located in the nucleus |
Neutrons |
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Negatively charged particles found in orbitals surrounding the nucleus |
Electrons |
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Single celled prokaryote |
Bacteria |
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Number of protons that equals the number of electrons |
Atomic number |
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Atoms are ___ __ |
Electrically neutral |
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Atomic number = |
Number of protons |
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What is an Element ? |
Any substance that can't be broken down to any other substance by ordinary chemical means |
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Refers to amount of substance |
Mass |
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Weight ? |
Refers to force gravity exerts on substance |
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What is the sum of protons and neutrons? |
The atoms atomic mass |
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Each proton and neutron has approximately ___ __of mass |
1 Dalton |
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Negatively charged particles are located in the ? |
Orbitals |
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__ atoms have the same number of electrons and protons |
Neutral |
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Single celled prokaryote |
Archaea |
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__ are charged particles |
Ions |
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More protons than electrons |
Cation |
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Fewer protons than electrons |
Anion |
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Atoms of a single element that possess different numbers of neutrons |
Isotopes |
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___ isotopes are unstable and emit radiation as the nucleus breaks up |
Radioactive |
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The time it takes for one-half of the atoms in a sample to decay |
Half-life |
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Key to the chemical behavior of an atom lies in the number and arrangement of its electrons in their orbitals |
Electron arrangement |
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Electrons in discrete orbits |
Bohr model |
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Area around a nucleus where an electron is most likely to be found |
Orbital |
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No orbital can contain more than __ electrons |
Two |
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Single celled or multicellular eukaryote |
Eukarya |
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Electrons have potential ___ related to their position. |
Energy |
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Electrons __ from the nucleus have more energy |
Farther |
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During some chemical reactions , electrons can be transferred from one atom to another |
Redox |
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Loss of an electron |
Oxidation |
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Gain of an electron |
Reduction |
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Displays elements according to valence electrons |
Periodic table |
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Number of electrons in outermost energy level |
Valence electrons |
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Has all 8 electrons ? |
Inert (nonreactive) elements |
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Octet rule ? |
atoms tend to establish completely full outer energy levels |
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The periodic table has __ naturally occurring elements |
90 |
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All organisms today descended from a simple creature ____ |
3.5 BYA |
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Only __ elements are found in living organisms in substantial amounts |
12 |
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What are the four elements make up 96.3% of the human body weight? |
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen |
|
Contains CHON |
Organic molecules |
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Groups of atoms held together in a stable association |
Molecules |
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Molecules containing more than one type of element |
Compounds |
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Atoms are held together in molecules or compounds by ___ ____ |
Chemical bonds |
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Form when atoms share two or more valence electrons |
Covalent bonds |
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Depends on the number of shared electrons |
The strength of shared electrons |
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are composed of more than 2 atoms – may share electrons with 2 or more atoms? |
Many biological compounds |
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Atoms affinity for electrons |
Electronigitivigy |
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Cells are ___ ___ systems |
Information processing |
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Differences in ___ dictate how electrons are distributed in covalent bonds. |
Electronegativity |
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Nonpolar covalent bonds = |
Equal sharing of electrons |
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Polar covalent bonds = |
Unequal sharing of electrons |
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Involve the formation or breaking of chemical bonds |
Chemical reactions |
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Shift from one molecule to another without any change in number or identity of atoms |
Atoms |
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Reactants are ..? |
Original molecules |
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Molecules resulting from reaction |
Products |
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Extent of chemical reaction influenced by..? |
Temperature 2.Concentration of reactants and products 3.Catalysts |
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Many reactions are |
Reversible |
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Life is inextricably tied to |
Water |
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Information in DNA is used to ___ ___ of cellular components. |
Direct synthesis |
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Single most outstanding chemical property of water is... |
It's ability to form hydrogen bonds |
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Formed by the attraction of oppositely charged ions |
Ionic bonds |
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Gain or loss of electrons forms |
Ions |
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Electrical attraction of water molecules can disrupt __ __ __ __ |
Forces holding ions together |
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Within a water molecule, the bonds between __ and __ are highly polar |
Oxygen and hydrogen |
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Control of ___ ___ leads to different cells/ tissue types |
Gene expression |
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Cells process ___ ___ |
Environmental information |
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Cells in multicellular organisms must ___ |
Coordinate with each other |