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19 Cards in this Set
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three types of protist
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1) Fungal Protists (3)
2) Algae - autotrophs (6) 3) Protozoans - heterotrophs 6 |
Protists are not a fungus, plant or animal. they are most abundant in moist habitats and most of them are microscopic in size; we classify protists phyla into several subgroups that each display distinctive features
Characterized by: -presence/absence of cilia or flagella -kinds of pigments -kinds of cristae present in the mitochondria -molecular genetics of the small ribosomal subunit -presences/absences of inclusions -overall body form -presences/absences of shell or test -modes of nutrition -modes of movement |
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three phyla of Fungal Protists
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1) Acrasiomycota (cellular slime-molds)
2) Myxomycota (plasmodial slime-molds) 3) Oomycota (water molds) |
all end in -mycota meaning fungi
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Characteristics of Phylum Myxomycota
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Plasmodial Slime Mold: looks like yellow blob
Plasmodium : multinucleate mass of protoplasm Spores (resistant cells) in Sporangium → go through meiosis in undesired environment → haploid flagellated isogametes aka swarm cells → form new Plasmodium |
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Characteristics of Phylum Acrasiomycota
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Cellular Slime Mold: look/behave like amoebas: Myxamoeba
undesired circumstances prompt cells to release cAMP (cyclicAdenosineMonoPhosphate) → aggregate into slug-like mass → migrates upward towards sunlight → differentiate into fruiting/spore-forming body called sorocarp → sporangium releases spores / amoebas encrusted within cellulose spore walls |
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Characterisitics of Phylum Oomycota
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Water Mold: filamentous; mycelium (filaments of cells)
Asexual Reproduction: Hyphae (2n)→ zoosporangium has zoospores with 2 flagella (tinsel directed backward and whiplash directed forward); have cellulose walls Sexual Reproduction: meiosis → Gametangia (oogonium w/ eggs + antheridium w/ sperm) → resistant oospore |
Real World Application
-water mold caused serious potato blight → great migration -water mold causes downy mildew → disease to susceptible European grapes -water mold causes damping-off → seedlings fail to emerge or are stunted |
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six phyla of Algal Protists
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1) Bacillariophyta (Chrysophyta) - golden algae
2) Dinozoa (Pyrrhophyta) - dinoflagellates 3) Euglenida (Euglenophyta) 4) Chlorophyta - green algae 5) Rhodophyta - red algae 6) Phaeophyta - brown algae |
Photosynthetic
O2 + H2O → sugar + H2O → =light=pigments |
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Characteristics of Phylum Bacillariophyta (Chrysophyta)
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Golden Algae and Diatoms
Golden Algae -freshwater or marine -unicellular or colonial -most with flagella -asexual -use chlorophyll a & c, carotenoids (including fucoxanthin) amd xanthophyll accessory pigments -may have silica or CaCO3 Diatoms -mostly marine -unicellular plankton -SiO2 cell walls (glass) -use chlorphylls a & c, carotenoids -double shells of silica resemble box with lid -pennate(bilateral) or centrate(radial) shape -diploid -mostly asexual: separates shell halves and each half produces new shell within old one -meiosis & gamete formation triggered by decrease in size -fossilize well - thick sediments of dead/fossil diatoms called diatomaceous earth -some move by secretions |
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Characteristics of Phylum Dinozoa (Pyrrhophyta)
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Dinoflagellates
-marine plankton; mostly marine -unicellular -2 flagella (horizontal and perpendicular) -mostly asexual -uses chlorophyll a & c and carotenoids (including fucoxanthin) -cellulose cell walls -some bio-luminescent -usual storage products are starch and oils |
zooxanthellae: "naked" without a shell;symbionts that live in corals; mutualism; provides host with energy(sugar) in exchange for protection, shelter, nutrients, carbon dioxide
-red tides: when they reproduce greatly/bloom in summer water appears gold or red |
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Characteristics of Phylum Euglenida (Euglenophyta)
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-mostly freshwater
-flagella (2 w/ same base, one very small) -only asexual: nuclear mitosis & cell division -pigments used: chlorophyll a & b, carotenoids -photosynthetic OR heterotrophic -cyst: resistant stage -pellicle within cell membran composed of interlocking strips of protein -contractile vacuoles pump water |
has same pigments as Chlorophyta and terrestiral plants
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Characteristics of Phylum Chlorophyta
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Green ALGAE
-mostly freshwater and microscopic -unicellular or multicellular -chlorophyll a & b, carotenoids, xanthophylls -cellulose cell walls -starch stored in pyrenoid 1)Chlamydomonas (unicellular, biflagellated) 2)Chlorella 3)Volvox (motile; colonial; specialized reproductive cells→new colonies within parent colony→zygotic meiosis, zygospored form within parent colony 4)Spirogyra (filamentou, spiral cholorplasts; sex though conjugation of + & - strains 5)Ulva (multicellular sheets; sporic meiosis) |
has same pigments as Euglenida and terrestiral plants (was ancestors of all plants)
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Characteristics of Phylum Rodophyta (Red Algae)
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-marine
-multicellular -chlorophyll a & phycobilins (phycocyanin, phycoerythrin) -cellulose cell walls and CaCO3 in coralline walls -held in place by holdfast -no flagellated or ciliated stages -storage = starch |
-agar and carrageenan harvested from mucilage
-edible (Nori) |
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Characterisitics of Phylum Phaeophyta (Brown Algae)
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-marine
-large -kelps with blade stipe and holdfast -chlorophyll a & c, carotenoids (including fucoxanthin) -storage = laminarin, mannitol & oil; motile stages with 2 flagella (tinself & whiplash) -alternation of generations life cycle -source of Na+ |
-source of Na+, K+, I2 and algin (gel)
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six phylums of Protozoan Protists (heterotrophs)
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1. Rhizopoda
2. Actinopoda 3. Foraminifera 4. Sarcomastigophora 5. Ciliophora 6. Apicomplexa |
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Characteristics of Phylum Rhizopoda (amoebas)
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-lack cell walls, flagella, meiosis, and sexual reproduction
-move with projections of cytoplasm: Pseudopodia -some form cysts (amoebic dysentary) -some with shells (Difflugia) |
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Characteristics of Phylum Actinopoda (radiolarians)
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-amoeba-like marine plankton
-SiO2 shells (tests) -needle-like pseudopods (axopods) -Heliozoans: freshwater plankton which may also have a silicon test |
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Characteristics of Phylum Foraminifera (forams) Protozoan
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-shells (tests) of organic matter + CaCO3, sand, spicules, shell bits
-podia |
limestone
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Phylum Sarcomastigophora (zooflagellates)
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-move with flagella
-free-living & parasitic -mostly asexual -pellicle -choanoflagellates |
-Giardia form cysts
-Trypanasoma cause sleeping sickness and Chagas disease -Trichonymphs are symbionts within termites |
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Phylum Ciliophora (ciliates)
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-move with cilia
-pellicle -micronucleus & macronucleus -freshwater -transverse fission -conjugation -food vacuoles -contractile vacuoles for water balance -cytoproct: exocytosis of waste |
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Phylum Apicomplexa (Sporozoans)
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-non-motile
-spore-forming -animal parasites 1. Plasmodium vivax - malaria: sexual reproduction within mosquito, forming zygote which changes to oocyst, which undergoes meiosis to form spores 2. Toxoplasma gondii - toxoplasmosis: sexual reproduction within cats; fecal-oral infection; transplacental transmission 3. Cryptosporidium - water-borne, fecal-oral infections; can be fatal to AIDS patient |
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