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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Individual uniqueness
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there will never be another living organism exactly like me. exception: identical twins
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Mendel's First Law
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Law of Segregation. Happens during gamete formation
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Mendel's Second Law
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Independent assortment
inheritance pattern of one does not affect the other. |
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Haploid
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a cell containing a single set of chromosomes.
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Diploid
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a cell that contains two homologous sets of chromosomes
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Autosome
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any chromosome other than a sex chromosome
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Sex Chromosome
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a chromosome that determines whether an individual is male or female.
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Gametes
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a haploid reproductive cell (sperm or egg)
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Alleles
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any of the alternate forms of a gene
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Dominant allele
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the allele that is fully expressed in the heterozygote.
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Recessive allele
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an allele whose effects are masked in heterozygotes by the presence of a dominant allele.
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Heterozygous
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the condition of having two different alleles for a given gene.
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Meiosis
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the division of a single diploid nucleus into four daughter nuclei.
results in haploid gametes |
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Mitosis
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the division of a single nucleus into two genetically identical daughter nuclei.
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Chromosome Crossover
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in humans: multiple crossovers, 5 or more, increase gamete variabilities
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Monozygotic twin
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indential, occurs when a single egg is fertilized to form one zygote which then divides into two separate embryos.
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Dizygotic twin
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fraternal twin, twins that are derived from two separtely fertilized eggs.
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Commonality of life
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same building blocks are used for constructing biological molecules, same genetic code is used, same biosynthetic processes and machinery is used, same enzymes serve as catalysts for smilar biological reactions
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Transcription
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the first stage of gene expression in which a mRNA molecule is synthesized from a sequence of DNA.
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Translation
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the synthesis of a polpeptide using the genetic information encoded in a mRNA molecule.
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Genetic code
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the set of rules that govern the correspondence between nucleotide triplets (codons) in mRNA and amino acids in a protein.
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Nucleotide
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an organic monomer consisting of a five-carbon sugar bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phoshate group.
they are building blocks of nucleic acids. |
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Virus
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a noncellular particle that consists of a protein coat surrounding a strand of genetic material.
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Genetic engineering
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the isolation, maipulation, and reintroduction of DNA into cells or organisms.
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Mutation
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a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
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Cystic Fibrosis (Autosomal Recessive)
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a genetic diease that occurs when two copies of a recessive allete is present. it is characterized by an excessive secretion of mucus.
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Genetic disorders
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the harmful effect produced when a detrimental allele occurs in a human population
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Mutation
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a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA.
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Tay-Sachs
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a fatal genetic disorder that results in the accumulation of gangliosides in neurons
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Nondisjunction
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abnormal chromosomal movement
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Genetic testing
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possible because of the genetic code
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Somatic cells
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Body cells
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Totipotent
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can become another individual
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Pluripotent
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all types of cells (220)
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Blastulation
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the blastocyst has passed from the fallopian tube into the uterus and is now called an embryo
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Unipotent
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can only be self (skin cells)
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Stem cell
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cells derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst that retain the capacity of differenctiating into any cell type
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Inner cell mass (Embryo)
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early development stage of an organism that is produced from a fertilized egg
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IVF procedure
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stimulation for ovulation
oocyte retrieval in vitro fertilization in vitro embryo development uterine implantation |
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Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)
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remove nucleus from an adult cell
remove the nucleus from the recipient egg transfer the nucleus into the egg remaining producdure-IVF |
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Protandry
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starts off as male and becomes a female Clown fish
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Protogyny
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starts off as female and become a male Wrasses
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CAIS Explain this disorder
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Marilyn Seville-XY chromosomes-but her gene that encodes for the testosterone receptor is either missing or mutated.
xy genotype testosterone receptors mutated x linked recessive female phenotype |
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CAH Explain this disorder
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mutation in a gene that encodes an enzyme necessary for the metabolism of steroid hormones in the adrenal gland. ex- christine has female geniltalia internally, but has male geniltalia externally
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multipotent
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bone marrow, any one of a certain type
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Trophoblast
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where embryo gets nutrients, Placenta
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SRY gene
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a gene on the y chromosome known as the sex determining region y gene, becomes active at around six weeks after fertilization. activate genes to guide their development into testes.
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Coding capacity of the human genome
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22,000 genes
Protein Coding Sequences 1.5% Non Coding Sequences 97% Regulatory Sequences 1.5% 99.9% identical |
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Testoterone
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testes, adrenal gland. development of male internal and external genitalia, reduces breast development, triangular body shape, promotes body and facial hair
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Estsradiol
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ovaries, adrenal gland, breast. development of female internal and external geniltalia. hour glass shape, breast development, reduces facial and body hair
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Averageness
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is more attractive then individuals
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Operational sex ratio
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favors males bc females are only able to produce during fetal devlopment
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Intersexual
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female choice
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Intrasexual
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male-male competition
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Two fold cost of sex is referred to as..
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sexual reproduction
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Human eggs are produced
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only during fetal development
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The SRY gene encodes a transcriptional factor, which binds to DNA to induce the synthesis of...
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proteins
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Androgen insensitive syndrome is due to mutation in the ____ gene
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testosterone receptor
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The external genitalia of congenital adrendal hyperplasia are mostly
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male
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Junk DNA
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98.5%
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What are the causes of genetic disorders?
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mutation
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Calculate Possible zygote combo
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z= p+m
(8.4x10^6)x(8.4x10^6)= 70 trillion |
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Fraternal multiple births are created by
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multiple egg and sperm
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Chromosome crossover takes place during
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meiosis 1
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Gregor Mendel used __ in his breeding study
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Garden peas
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Gregor Mendels research on genetics was
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ignored for 35 years
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The model organios that was used by Thomas Hunt Morgan to study genetics was
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fruit fly
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The double helix structure of DNA allows for
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accurate replication
proofreading error checking repair all of the above |
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The building blocks of proteins are
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amino acids
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Genetic Engineering is possible, mostly because of the use of
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universal genetic code
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Most recessive traits are due to __ mutation
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loss of function
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There are 6 billion bp in the human ___ genome
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diploid
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In the current DNA sequencing technology, the fragment size for accurate sequence determination is __ bp
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500
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Embroyonic stem cells are derived from
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bone marrow
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