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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
theories
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concepts that are supported by a broad range of observations and conclusion
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Two qualities of a Hypothesis
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1) Must Be Testable
2) Must be Falsifiable |
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standard error
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shows range of error in your data
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Four most important elements
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1) Carbon
2) Nitrogen 3) Oxygen 4) Hydrogen |
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atomic numbers
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all atoms of the same element have the same number of protons
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mass number
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the sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
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isotope
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one of the several atomic forms of an element
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radioactive
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when the atom loses subatomic particles and emits radiation
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compound
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a bond between two different types of atoms
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covalent bonding
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atoms share electrons
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ionic bonding
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ions are attracted to each other by opposite charges
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polar
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combonations of atoms in which the electrical charge is not distributed symmetrically
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Five propertis of H2O
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1) liquid at room temperature
2) temperature changes slowly, preventing sudden/drastic changes 3) high heat of vaporization 4) Frozen H2O is less dense; it can float 5) Molecules are cohesive, yet flow freely |
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acids
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substances that dissociate in water and release H+
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bases
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take up H+ atoms OR release OH- ions
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4 Molecules of Life
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1) Carbohydrates
2) Lipids 3) Proteins 4) Nucleic Acids |
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Example of a polysaccharide
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Starch
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glycogen
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storage carbohydrate in animals
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starch
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storage carbohydrate in plants
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Lipids
(2 points) |
- store long term energy
- assist in cell membrane structure |
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emulsiication
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process of dispersing
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hydrolisis
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puts in water molecules
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dehydration
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takes away water molecules
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saturated fats
(3 points) (example?) |
- no double bonds
- all carbons have maximum hydrogens -solids ex) butter |
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unsaturated fats
(3 points) (example?) |
- double bond
- two carbons lose a hydrogen - liquids ex) oil |
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Phospholipids
(3 points) |
- contain a pH group insteadof a third fatty acid
- polar head - nonpolar tail |
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steroids
(2 points) (example?) |
- structurally different than most lipids
- backbone is four fused carbon rings ex) cholesterol |
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Six functions of Protiens, EXAMPLES!
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1) Support
- hair, fingernails 2) Enzymes - help speed up chemical reactions 3) Tansport - active transport - channel carriers 4) Defense - make up antibodies 5) Hormones - insulin 6) Motion - contractions of muscles |
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Four components of protiens
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1) amino acid group
2) acid group 3) central carbon w/a hydrogen 4) R-group |
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peptide bonds
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covalent bonds between amino acids
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emulsiication
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process of dispersing
|
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hydrolisis
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puts in water molecules
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dehydration
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takes away water molecules
|
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saturated fats
(3 points) (example?) |
- no double bonds
- all carbons have maximum hydrogens -solids ex) butter |
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unsaturated fats
(3 points) (example?) |
- double bond
- two carbons lose a hydrogen - liquids ex) oil |
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Phospholipids
(3 points) |
- contain a pH group insteadof a third fatty acid
- polar head - nonpolar tail |
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steroids
(2 points) (example?) |
- structurally different than most lipids
- backbone is four fused carbon rings ex) cholesterol |
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Six functions of Protiens, EXAMPLES!
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1) Support
- hair, fingernails 2) Enzymes - help speed up chemical reactions 3) Tansport - active transport - channel carriers 4) Defense - make up antibodies 5) Hormones - insulin 6) Motion - contractions of muscles |
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Four components of protiens
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1) amino acid group
2) acid group 3) central carbon w/a hydrogen 4) R-group |
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peptide bonds
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covalent bonds between amino acids
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polypeptide bonds
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three or more amino acids bonded together
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Four levels of organization for protien structure
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1) Primary
2) Secondary 3)Tertiary 4) Quaternary |
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Four components of nucleic acids
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1) 5 carbon sugar
2) nitrat group 3) nitrogen containing base 4) nucleotide |
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endocytosis
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part of the plasma membranne evelops a substance/fluid
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exocytosis
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vesiles fuse with plasma membrane and secrete molecules
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chromatin
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combonation of DNA molecules and proties that make up chromosomes
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nuclear envelope
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separates nucleus from the cytoplasm
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ribosomes
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organelles composed of rRNA and protiens that start protien synthesis
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Five parts of the Endomembrane system
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1) nucleur envelope
2) ER 3) golgi apparatus 4) lysosomes 5) vesicles |
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What is the benefit of compartmentalization?
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seperates the different chemical reactions
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autodigestion
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cell pats themselves get broken down
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golgi apparatus
(2 points) |
- modifies protiens/lipids
- foms vesicles/lysosomes |
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lysosomes
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use hydrolitic enzymes to break down substances
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microtubules
(3 points) |
- LARGE protien fibres
- contain tubulin - regulated by centrosome |
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intermediate filaments
(2 points) |
- smaller than microtubules
- structure/function depends on the cell type |
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actin filaments
(3 points) |
- SMALEST
-long, thin fibre bundles of the protein Actin - microvilli and movement |
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cillia
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short, hair-like projections
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flagella
(example) |
slender, long projections that propel cells through fluids
ex) sperm |
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junctions
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help cells stay connected by connecting their tissues
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Name three types of juncitons
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1) adhesion junctions
2) tight junctions 3) gap junctions |
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cellular respiration
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converts chemical energy
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What is the equation for cellular respiration?
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C6H12O6 + O2 --> H2O + CO2
glucose + oxygen converted to water and carbon dioxide |
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substrates
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reactants tat partcipate in a reaction with an enzyme
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active sites
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specific regions where the substrates are brought together so they can react
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coenzymes
(example?) |
non protein molecules that assist enzymes by accepting atoms/electrons
ex) vitamins |
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Name the three pathways of cellular respiration
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1) glycolysis
2) citric acid cycle 3) electron transport chain |
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Glyclosis
- what goes in? - what comes out? - Location? |
- In: 6 carbon glucose molecule
- Out: 2 pyruvates - Location: cytoplasm |
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Citric Acid Cycle
- what goes in? - what comes out? - Location? |
- In: 2 pyruvates
- Out: carbon dioxide - Location: matrix |
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Electrion Transport Chain
- what goes in? - what comes out? - Location? |
- In: carbon dioxide
- Out: water - Location: cristae |