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253 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Wavelength of most visible light reaching Earth? |
400-600nm |
|
How much UVA reaches earth? |
100% (Unchanged) |
|
How much UVB reaches earth? |
50% |
|
How much UVC reaches earth? |
0% (Highest) |
|
Long wavelength = (more or less energy?) |
Less |
|
Plant Leaf Structure (Descending Order) |
Upper Epidermis |
|
Where does gas exchange take place? |
Stromata on Ventral Epidermis |
|
Where do light reactions occur? |
Chloroplast |
|
Name of fluid inside Chloroplast |
Stroma |
|
Organelle suspended in fluid? |
Thylakoid |
|
A stack of thylakoids is called a .. |
Granum (Plural, Grana) |
|
Resonance Energy is similar to |
Vibration Energy |
|
Difference between Chlorophyll A & B |
Oxidation or Reduction of Carbon |
|
Inner Part of Thylakoid is called |
Lumen |
|
Which Photosystem reacts first? |
Photosystem 2 |
|
Why does Photosystem 2 react before PS1? |
Discovered first |
|
How many photons go into each Photosystem? |
4 each. 8 total. |
|
In the light harvesting complex in PS2, how are the central proteins arranged? |
Trimers |
|
Inside each reaction center complex, how many reaction centers are there? |
Two. |
|
Where does water splitting occur? |
Lumen |
|
Arrangement of Mg molecules involved in water splitting? |
Tetral |
|
How many electrons are removed to fuel the water splitting reaction? |
Four |
|
H20 releases: |
Proton (PROTON GRADIENT!) |
|
Arrange in order of succession, |
Plastoquinone - Plastoquinol - Cytochrome Complex- Proton Gradient. |
|
Where does Plastoquinone pick up its' electrons? |
P680 |
|
Arrangement of central proteins in PS1? |
Dimers |
|
Number of reaction centers in PS1? |
One |
|
Where do excited electrons go after reaction center? |
Ferredoxin |
|
PS2 - Cytochrome Complex - Then to... |
ATP Synthase (Proton gradient) |
|
PS1 recharges with input of |
4 electrons |
|
Complete the reaction 8 Photons +2H20= |
2NADPH+4ATP+202 |
|
Chlorophyll A absorbs |
blue-violet light |
|
Chlorophyll B absorbs |
reg-orange light |
|
Green light is (effective/ineffective) |
ineffective |
|
Rate of photosynthesis is directly proportional to absorption spectrum of chlorophyll A + B. (True/False) |
FALSE (MORE COMPONENTS) |
|
Carotenoids (two examples) |
Carotene, Lycopene |
|
Carotenoids have how many carbons? |
40 |
|
Absorption spectrum of Carotenoids? |
400-500 range. (Expands spectrum of Chlorophyll A&B) |
|
One alternative function of Carotenoids is |
Photoprotection |
|
How do carotenoids provide photoprotection? |
expel excess light energ |
|
The shade of green in a plant depends on the.. |
Number of carotenoids! |
|
Anthocyonins are.. |
subgroup of flavinoids |
|
Anthocyonins contain a ______________ and absorb __________________nm. |
Ketone, 500-600nm |
|
Leaves lose green in fall because.. |
Chlorophyll degrades/not absorbing as many photons |
|
Leaves reflect red/orange in fall because.. |
Carotenoids and Anthocyonins do not degrade easily and still reflect light! (Red-Orange!) |
|
The colour of flowers is provided by |
Anthocyonins |
|
Cyclic electron flow provides.. |
ATP |
|
Cyclic electron flow does NOT produce |
NADPH |
|
Cyclic electron flow goes through _________ proton gradient, ATP synthase. |
Cytochrome complex |
|
Chlorophyll loses some energy by producing |
Heat |
|
If a very high energy electron is absorbed, it is _____________ throughout the light harvesting complex until it reaches the reaction center. |
transferred, passed |
|
If energy cannot be transferred with high energy electron ________ is released as long as a _____________ of ______________ wavelength. |
heat, photon, longer. |
|
Longer wavelength means (greater/less) energy |
Less |
|
More energy results in a (longer/shorter) wavelength? |
Shorter |
|
The process of releasing a photon of longer wavelength is called |
Fluorescence |
|
Fluorescence is a |
Method of determining HOW WELL a plant is growing. (D) |
|
T/F : Chlorophyll cannot absorb fluorescent light |
FALSE. Fluorescence can be used by adjacent cells. |
|
The Calvin Cycle should be called the: |
Basham, Benson, Calvin Cycle |
|
Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH to reduce CO2 to... |
Sugar |
|
This process is catabolic/anabolic |
Anabolic |
|
The "sugar" produced is actually |
G3P. Glycerol-3 Phosphate |
|
For G3P synthesis, the cycle repeats (3,6,18,21) times |
3 repeats |
|
The process of fixing 3 molecules of CO2 in G3P synthesis is called |
Carbon Fixation |
|
Carbon Fixation incorporates CO2 by adding it to a _____ carbon sugar |
5 |
|
The 5 carbon sugar involved in carbon fixation is called |
rubilose biphosphate
|
|
The enzyme that catalyzes carbon fixation is called |
Rubisco |
|
Rubisco is/was: |
B) Most abundant chloroplast on earth |
|
Stage 2 of Carbon fixation involves (oxidation/reduction) |
Reduction |
|
Reduction in stage 2 carbon fixation forms |
1,3-biphosphoglycerate |
|
The electron pair which reduces 3-phosphoglycerate comes from.. |
NADPH |
|
3 molecules of CO2 produces _____G3P |
6 |
|
How many G3P are required to complete carbon fixation? |
5 |
|
The net gain of G3P in carbon fixation is |
1 molecule |
|
_____ G3P are released for use by the plant and _____ are returned to repeat the cycle |
1, 5 |
|
Phase 3 Carbon fixation involves ______ of RuBP CO2 acceptor |
Regeneration |
|
Regenration of RuBP CO2 acceptor "costs" ____ATP |
3 |
|
Kinase is the.. |
transfer of phosphate from ATP to a hydroxyl group of a protein |
|
Phosphatase is the |
removal of phosphate from a protein |
|
If Photosystem 2 "gets ahead" of PS1 ________ accumulates |
plastoquinone |
|
If plastiquinone accumulates in the system protein ________ activates and _________ protein is light harvesting complex |
kinase, phosphorylates |
|
_____ grass is better in cold weather |
C3 |
|
Warm weather grasses |
C4 |
|
C3/C4 operates better in high CO2 |
C3 |
|
Longitude/Latitude of Guelph (SUPPOSED TO BE ON FINAL!) |
43.5500*N, 80.2500*W |
|
C4 plants are more efficient in using |
NO2 |
|
C4 plants need _______ rubisco |
less |
|
Water is a ________ concentration mechanism |
CO2 |
|
T/F : C4 plants use more water |
FALSE. LESS WATER |
|
Ontarios precipitation rate is changing by... |
0.0002% - NOT changing! |
|
C4 plants have both C3/C4 processes (T/F) |
True! |
|
"CAM" is the.. |
same cell, separated in time |
|
CAM Plant at night: Stomates open, CO2 fixed onto malate, stored in vacuoles. (T/F) |
TRUE |
|
CAM Plant Day: Stomate shut, C4 acid goes to chloroplast, CO2 released, C3 processes resume. (T/F) |
TRUE |
|
CAM Plant (Night); Stomates________, CO2 ____ |
Open, fixed
|
|
CAM Plant (Day); Stomates _______. C3 processes ________ |
Close, resume |
|
Example of a CAM plant |
Pineapple |
|
How many plant families are CAM plants? |
18 |
|
(7%, 12%, 16% 16.5% of plants are CAM plants) |
7% of all species! |
|
CAM plants are (major/minor) plants for Carbon Fixation |
Major |
|
Thorns are an example of.. |
Primary Metabolites |
|
Primary metabolites are: |
structural features for defense. |
|
Toxins are an example of ________ metabolites |
SECONDARY metabolites |
|
One use of secondary metabolites is |
Drugs - quinone, salicyclic acid, cancer treatment |
|
Reactions to toxins are NOT animal specific. (T/F) |
FALSE. Reactions ARE animal specific. |
|
Alsike Clover is particularly dangerous to chickens. |
FALSE, HORSES |
|
Alsike Clover has what effect on the animal? |
Reduces ability to process chlorophyll |
|
During digestion, chlorophyll molecule is broken down and ________ ring is left in the gut/absorbed into bloodstream |
porphyrin |
|
Porphyrin rings are important in |
light reactions |
|
Porphyrin ring absorbs _______ in the bloodstream |
photons |
|
Light reactions in the bloodstream from ingestion of alsike clover result in ________ being released into the body |
high energy electrons |
|
Alsike clover causes a condition known as |
Photosensitization |
|
Photosensitization results in |
severe internal/external burns |
|
Main stimulus in plants is |
light |
|
(T/F) The net photosynthesis of a plant can never be negative. |
FALSE |
|
Light compensation point: |
CO2 uptake = CO2 evolution |
|
Obligate shade plant example |
Ginseng |
|
Falcultative plant is |
Either shade/sun plant. (Doesnt matter) |
|
Shade plant has (higher/lower) compensation point |
Lower |
|
Sun leaves are generally |
outermost on plants |
|
Shade leaves are generally |
internal (in canopy) |
|
Low light plants have more/less chlorophyll |
MORE |
|
Low light plants have more chlorophyll because |
there are less photons and therefore efficiency is important |
|
Low light plants are generally: |
thin/broad |
|
Reflection rate of Red is |
43% reflection, 4% transmission, 53% absorption |
|
White paint reflects |
97% light |
|
Red paint caused higher/lower photorespiration rate (than white paint) on turf grass |
LOWER. (C3 Grasses - heat buildup from absorption!) |
|
Receptor cell serves what purpose? |
Receiving light signal |
|
Receptor proteins react to sensory input by |
changing shape (phosphorolyated/dephosphorylated) |
|
PHYA-C is |
Phytochrome C |
|
Monocots have PHYA-_____ |
PHYA-C |
|
Dicots have PHYA-____ |
PHYA-E |
|
Blue light receptors are called |
Cryptochromes (CRY1 & 2) |
|
Plants perceive competition by... |
Red light signal! |
|
Plant competition is assessed by the ratio of ___ to _____ light |
far red:low red ratio! |
|
Phytochrome photoreceptor has an _______ and ______ form.. |
illuminated, dark |
|
Pf is CIS isomer (T/F) |
TRUE |
|
PFR is TRANS isomer (T/F) |
True |
|
PF, PFR have (same/different) molecular shapes |
Different |
|
Photo inter-conversion refers to |
Difference in conformation from CIS to TRANS isomer |
|
PFR is stable form |
FALSE. Rapid degeneration |
|
Shade response example |
stem enlongation, shoot altration |
|
Seed germination is ________ by far red light |
inhibited |
|
Flowering response depends on (most correct) |
D) Daylight length |
|
"Internal clock" is called |
Circadian Rhythm |
|
Daylight response plant types |
Long Day, |
|
Long day plant example |
Red clover |
|
Short day plants flower during ____ days and grow vegetatively during ___ days |
Short day, long day |
|
Falculatative plants |
flower faster |
|
Examples of day neutral plant |
Tomato, sunflower |
|
One way to reset the clock on a long day plant during night break is to.. |
flash light |
|
Encouraging flowering in long day plants can be accomplished by |
flashing light |
|
Flashing light in a short day plant will _____ flowering |
STOP |
|
Vernalization refers to |
cold treatment |
|
the purpose of vernalization is to |
promote flowering in obligate secies |
|
Cold treatment "tricks the plant into thinking it is |
Spring time (flowering time) |
|
GMO "event" is a |
tested, approved sequence in a certain area |
|
"novel trait" is regulated on the ... |
basis of trait |
|
novel trait is not regulated by the |
method used to introduce it to the plant |
|
GMO refers to |
Organism with DNA sequence introduced into another species through recombinant DNA techniques. |
|
PNT refers to something that is |
New to Cdn environment and has the potential to affect the specific use and safety of the plant (control)
|
|
Agrobacterium can be used to |
swap DNA |
|
Agrobacterium can be used to introduce DNA by |
having its' own gene sequence replaced and introduced to target cell |
|
Ballistics in GMO refers to |
firing a DNA sequence (via particle gun) into cells. |
|
GMO can result in ____ pesticide use |
Less |
|
Legislation in the USA requires the identification of |
NON-GM (<5% GM) |
|
EU requires identification of |
GM over 0.9% |
|
Japan must label |
NON-GM if <5% |
|
Canadas labelling laws require |
Nothing. They do not exist |
|
GM salmon result of |
Sea eel with Chinook Salmon |
|
False positives in ELISA GMO protein detection can result due to the.. |
NATURAL presence antibodies due to (ingestion, uptake) of a GMO organism |
|
Testing for GM alfalfa in rabbit genes could/could not result in false positive |
COULD. Natural antibodies |
|
Solar tracking in plants example |
physical movement (15 degree) of plant |
|
Solar tracking is done by detection of ____ light |
BLUE |
|
Tissue that drives plant movement is |
species specific |
|
One tissue that drives plant movement is the |
Pulvinus (petiole blade junction) |
|
One tissue that drives plant movement is the |
entire stem (twist) |
|
Diurnal cycles: |
Processes occur in light, some in dark |
|
Circadian Rhythyms are controlled by internal |
"oscillator" |
|
Why do plants drop leaves at night? |
Reduce moonlight capture (no "internal clock" interference) |
|
(T/F) City lights cannot mess up circadian rhythyms |
FALSE. |
|
Photosynthase sinks are |
locations where plant needs carbon |
|
In a freshly cut plant carbon is: |
pulled from roots |
|
In a plant with "full leaves" carbon is |
stored in roots |
|
(T/F) plants cannot switch sink/source location of carbon |
FALSE - changes based on need
|
|
Testing to track carbon transfer in plants was done by; |
injecting carbon 14 and autoradiographing the plant. |
|
Loading the phloem through passive transport (concentration gradient) is called |
symplast loading |
|
Apoplast loading refers to |
active loading requiring ATP. |
|
Apoplast loading is advantageous in _____ areas |
cold/drought |
|
ATP sucrose loading |
ATP-ase |
|
Symport system moves (one/two) things at once |
two |
|
Xylem transports (direction) |
UP ONLY |
|
Phloem transports |
Both up/down |
|
There can be multiple phloem working in different directions (T/F) |
TRUE |
|
Phloem unloading is an example of |
symplast loading |
|
Apoplast unloading is an example of |
apoplast loading |
|
Nitrogen comes from |
soil, symbiotic rhizobian |
|
Nitrogen sources include |
ammonium, nitrate |
|
Nitrogen uptake (requires/does not require) ATP |
requires |
|
_______ is most useful form of nitrogen |
Ammonium |
|
Ammonium is the most useful form because it is |
easily converted to amino acid! |
|
If NO3 is formed in the plant, it must be converted to ______ first |
ammonium |
|
Location of nitrogen conversion is |
plant depenant |
|
In cool season plants nitrogen conversion takes place in |
roots |
|
in warm season plants nitrogen conversion takes place in |
leaves |
|
plants can store _____ safely and easily |
nitrate |
|
Concentration of nitrates is highest in |
lower stock of plant |
|
Wisconsin cattle deaths (52 deaths) caused by |
Nitrogen poisoning |
|
NO3 has the potential to cause nitrogen poisoning (T/F) |
False. Nitrite does! |
|
All nitrogen forms are _____ into the ______ |
absorbed, bloodstream |
|
Nitrite has what effect on hemoglobin |
conversion to methylhemoglobin |
|
Methylhemoglobin is dangerous because it |
cannot bond oxygen |
|
Blue baby syndrome is an example of |
nitrogen toxicity
|
|
What tropical/semi tropical parasitic weed resulted in 50-75% losses |
Striga |
|
Striga is difficult to detect because it |
grows 7wks underground/spreads fast |
|
In addition to Striga, what other stressor resulted in decimation of tropical/semi tropical populations |
African Stem Borrer, Busseda Fusca moth. |
|
Push pull technology refers to |
using plants to "push" deter plants, "pull" attract natural enemies |
|
Napier grass is a good "pull" plant because it |
attracts insects and contains hexane, paralyzing them. |
|
Expression of hexane in napier grass is only during |
moth active hours |
|
Perennial legume "silverleaf" releases what useful compound? |
Ocimene - nonatriene moth repellant |
|
Silverleaf also helps control |
Striga |
|
Roots of silverleaf produce |
isoflavones (inhibits attachment of striga roots) |
|
"Aphid alarm" is a system that |
releases a pheremone to alert close aphids of danger to avoid predation |
|
Peppermind releases same pheremone as "aphid alarm". Was the introduction of this gene into plants successful in aphid deterrent? |
No. One study conducted with no significant results. |
|
No-Till crops can cause problems because |
last-season stem covered in mycotoxins. Transferred to new plants with rain. |
|
Cyanogenic compounds are present in ____ species |
250 |
|
How many different cyanogenic glycosides exist? |
21+ |
|
Glycoside stored in |
vacuole |
|
Cyanide released by |
enzyme in cystol |
|
For cyanide to be active |
vacuole and cystol contents must mix |
|
HCN works by |
stopping ATP transport |
|
Plants are not affected by HCN because they |
have a different ATP production pathway |
|
The different pathway is called |
Alternate Oxydase |
|
One cyanide containing food-product is |
cassava, apples, oranges, peaches |
|
Konzo disease is |
cyanide poisoning - neurological symptoms. Improperly prepared cassava |
|
Removing cyanide gene in cassava results in |
"sweet cassava" |
|
Sweet cassava is less desirable because it |
rots faster, less pest resistent. |
|
Cyanide contaning "bitter" cassava stores easily for |
8-12 months |
|
Cyanide is very responsive to CO2 in air (T/F) |
False. |
|
Dicoumerol causes |
lack of clotting |
|
Dicoumerol is present in |
sweet clover |
|
The veterinarian from OVC who discovered dicoumerol poisoning was |
Dr. Schofield |
|
One medical application of dicoumerol is |
Warfarin |
|
Warfarin was named after the |
Wisconsin Agricultural Research Foundation |
|
Phytoestrogens are present in |
Subclover |
|
Phytoestrogens initially resulted in _____ in lamb populations |
thriving |
|
After ____ years, ______ symptoms were noted in sheep populations |
10, lactating males, high abortion rate, |
|
Phytoestrogen is ________ ________ to mammal estrogen |
chemically similar |
|
Coumestans are _____ and are present in |
phytoestrogens, white clover |
|
Phytoestrogens are a method of |
naturally controlling population |
|
The content of phytoestrogens in subclover is |
5.9% |
|
(T/F) Cattle are equally sensitive to phytoestrogens as sheep |
False |
|
Phytoestrogen pathway was isolated in |
1960 |
|
Alfalfa supplements (do/do not) identify coumestrol phytoestrogens. |
DO NOT |