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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cell Cycle
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all of the events that occur from the time that a cell is formed to when it divides
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Interphase
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the cell grows in size by synthesizing new organelles (G1). It replicates genetic material (S). It produces enzymes and structures that are needed to undergo cell division (G2).
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Mitotic phase
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consist of 2 processes
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Karyokinesis
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is the process where the nuclear material divides and results in 2 daughter nuclei that have the same number and kinds of chromosomes as the parental nucleus.
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Cytokinesis
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separates cytoplasm resulting in the formation of 2 daughter cells.
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Cleave furrow
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pinching off the cytoplasm. Microfilaments
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Cell Plate
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used to divide the cytoplasm for plant cells. Cellulose, vesicles from golgi apparatus. Plant cells do not have asters
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Asters
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mictrotubule that radiate out from the ends of the spindle apparatus found in animal cells undergoing cell division.
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Mitosis
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cell division (for growth, replacement and repair) 2n => 2n n=>n clones haploid/diploid – sets of chromosomes PMAT
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Cells Used
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Whitefish embryo, onion root cell
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Meiosis
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used to make gametes (animals) plants make it through mitosis (reduction division) 2n => n
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Traits
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determined by particular factors (genes) and these factors in an individual occurs in pairs (one for each parent)
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Mendel’s 1st law of segregation
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when gametes are created, these factors segregate or separate so that only one member of each pair of genes is contained within a particular cell or gamete.
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Mendel’s 2nd law of independent assortment
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factors for one trait segregate independently from factors for other traits (one factor did not influence the others)
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Chromosomes
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hereditary information an individual is found on threadlike DNA structures
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Genes
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- contain information for the different traits that make up an individual located in segments of DNA
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Allele
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each member of a gene pair and may occur in alternate states.
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Kinds of alleles
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Dominant (H) recessive (h) homozygous (HH or hh) heterozygous (Hh)
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Genotype
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genetic information found on alleles
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Phenotype
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physical expression of the genetic information
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Multiple allelic traits
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traits with more than two alternate forms of alleles
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Co-dominant
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traits may have two alternate alleles that are expressed simultaneously with both being equal in their dominance to each other
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Antigens
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molecules that elicit an immune response on the surface of the red blood cells erythrocytes
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Type A (antigen)
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antigen A on rbcs
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Type B (antigen)
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antigen B on rbs
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Type AB (antigen)
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both antigen A and antigen B
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Type O(antigen)
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- lack of antigen A and antigen B
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Antibodies
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to mark antigens that are not found on their erythrocytes for elimination
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Type A (antibodies)
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makes anti-B antibodies
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Type B (antibodies)
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makes anti-A antibodies
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types of traits in lab
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Complete Dominance
incomplete dominance lethal alleles x-linked inheritance dihybrid cross epipstasis polygenic inheritance |
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Type AB (antibodies)
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neither anti-A or anti-B antibodies
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Type O (antibodies)
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both anti-A or anti-B antibodies
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Antiserum
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agglutinins. Clumping (agglutination)
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Thin layer chromatography
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technique used for chemical separation and analysis of multiple component mixtures
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2 types of thin layer chromatography
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Paper Chromatography (uses absorbent paper), while the other utilized a layer of solid absorbent on a glass plate
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Paper Chromatography
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samples containing different molecular components are placed on specially treated paper (the stationary phase) and puts into a container with solvent (the moving phase)
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Absorption coefficient
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the affinity for a component to be absorbed
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Solubility product constant
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varying affinities or solubility in different solvents and therefore each has a charateristic velocity relative to th solvent.
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Single Phase System/Double Phase System
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one solvent (H2O and ethanol).. two solvents (H2O + ethanol)
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Electrophoresis
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Proteins and nucleic acids usually have a net positive or negative charge that reflects the mixture of charged amino acids or nucleotides they contain. If an electric field is applied to a solution containing these molecules, they will migrate at a rate that depends on its net charge, its size, and its shape.
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Electrophoresis ingredients
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agarose gels, comb
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Stationary Phase
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Paper
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Moving Phase
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Solvent
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Solvents used for chromatography
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Water, Ethanol, Hexane/Methanol
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If the substance went far
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it has high absorption coefficient/low affinity for solvent
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if substance went far
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it has low absorption coefficient/high solubility product constant
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Chloroplast pigments
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yellow carotenes, yellow-orange xanthrophylls, bluish green chlorophyll a, yellow-green chlorophyll b
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Genetic profile/DNA fingerprint
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unique sequence of DNA
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junk dna/non coding regions
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used to haev no purpose - found out for cellular metabolism/gene expression
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Polymorphism
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DNA are polymorphs, meaning that every individual has different DNA sequence unless you have an identical sibling
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Restricition Fragment Length Polymorphis (RFLPs)
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used for DNA fingerprinting, noncoding regions from individuals cut at specific locations by using restricting enzymes
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Phosphodiester Bond
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connects nucleotides in DNA
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Recognition site
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example: GAATTC
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DNA samples are placed....
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on the negative side
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How many restricting enzymes needed
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more than one for accuracy
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Polymerase Chain Reaction
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allows specific chromosome locations to be targeted and copies of the targeted DNA made
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Short Tandem Repeats (STR)
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used in DNA analysis, now called DNA profile. tagged with fluorescent dyes and pointed at lasers. Peaks shown by computer if repeated bases.
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STR Profile
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If there are two peaks, it means it is heterozygoes at that location, one peak = homozygous.
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STR Profile continued
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The numbers below the peak are person's genotype - number means how many times repeated. Letter and number above is the location.
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Two STR groups
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Group 1 contains 9 STR loci plus one used for gender (AML). Group 2 contains 4 more STR sites, plus AML, and 2 STR sites from group 1 as control to ensure that the same came from the same person.
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Chi-square Test
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to determine whether experimentally collected data are a satisfactory approximation of the expected data.
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Formula for Chi-square Test
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the sum of (observed-expected)^2 divided by expected number
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Analysis for Chi-square
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a small X2 value would indicate that the observed and expected ratios are in close agreement, while a large X2 value would indicated that "something unusual" had occured.
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