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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Deductive Reasoning
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from general to specific
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Inductive Reasoning
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specific to general: impossible to prove the accuracy of the generalizations
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Hypothesis
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a testable model
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Experimental or treatment group
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the individuals given the specific treatment or condition being tested
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Control Group
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the individuals not given the specific treatment
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Theory
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Well supported thesis that links together a large body of observations
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Principle or Law
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a theory that links together significant bodies of thoughts and yields unvarying and uniform predictions over a long period of time
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Cell
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The basic structural and functional unit of life consisting of material bound by a membrane
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Metabolism
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the chemical process essential for growth and repair
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Homeostasis
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the tendency of an organism to maintain a relatively constant internal enviroment
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DNA ( deoxyribonucleic acid)
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responsible for info transfer from one generation to the next
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Hormones
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Chemical signals used for intercellular signaling
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Taxonomy
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the science of classifying and naming organisms
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Species
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basic unit of classification or taxonomy
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Genus
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A group of closely related species
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Archaeabacteria
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bacteria typically found in extreme environments
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Eubacteria
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very diverse group of bacteria
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Eukarya
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organisms with a discrete cellular nucleus: divided into four kingdoms
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Kingdom Protista
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single celled and simple multicellular organisms having nuclei
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Kingdom Plantae
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complex multicellular organisms having tissues and organs
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Kingdom Fungi
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Organisms with cell walls containing chitin as the main structural component
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Kingdom Animalia
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Complex multicellular organisms that must eat other organisms for nourishment
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Producers(Autotrophs)
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manufacture their own food from simple materials
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Consumers( Heterotrophs)
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obtain energy by eating other organisms;use food and oxygen; release carbon dioxide and water
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Decomposers
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obtain energy by breaking down the waste products, by products, and dead bodies of producers and consumers; usually bacteria and fungi
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Elements
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substances that can not be further broken down into other substances
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4 elements that make up 96% of the mass of most living things
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oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
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Atom
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the smallest unit of an element that still retains the properties of that element
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Electron
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Contributes no significant mass to the atom, but carries a (-1) electrical charge
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Proton
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Contribute a mass of approximately 1 mass unit, and carries a (+1) electrical charge
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Nuetrons
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contributes a mass of approximately 1 mass unit; and carries no net electricalcharge
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Protons and Neutrons determines
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Atomic Mass
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Atomic number
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number of protons in the nucleus
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Isotopes
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atoms that have the same number of protons but have different numbers of nuetrons
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Electron shell
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electrons with similar energies
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Molecule
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two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
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Compound
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a specific combination of two or more different elements chemically combined into a fixed ratio
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Chemical Formula
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a shorthand formula showing the number of atoms of each element present in a molecule
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Structural formula
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shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule
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Molecular Mass
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The sum of the atomic masses of the atoms in a molecule
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Mole
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the amount of a substance that in grams has the same number as the atomic mass
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Avogadro's Number
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6.02 X10^23
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Bond Energy
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the amount of energy required to break a particular chemical bond
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Covalent Bonds
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Electrons are shared between two atoms
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ionic bonds
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one atom completely gives up an electron to another atom
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Nonpolar
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equal sharing of electrons
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Polar
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Unequal sharing of electrons
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Ion
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atom gains or gives up one or more electrons
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Cation
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lost one electron; has a positive charge
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Anions
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gained one or more electrons; has a negative charge
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Ionic Bound
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formed by the attraction between a cation and an anion
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Ionic Compound
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a substance held together by ionic bounds
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Hydration
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surrounding the ions with the end water molecules with the opposite (partial) charge
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Hydrogen bonds
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weak interactions involving partially (+) charged hydrogen atoms
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Oxidation
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a chemical process in which an atom, molecule, or ion loses an electron
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Hydrophobic
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Does not interact well with water
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Hydrophillic
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interacts well with water
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Cohesive forces
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caused by the attraction of water molecules to water other water molecules; gives water a high surface tension
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Adhesive Forces
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cause water molecules to be attracted to other kinds of molecules; how things are made wet
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Capillary Action
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the tendency of water to move up narrow tubes even against gravity
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Specific Heat
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the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a specific amount of a substance one degree celsius
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Heat of Vaporization
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the amount of heat energy required to convert one gram of liquid into the gaseous state
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Acids
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proton donors
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Bases
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proton acceptors
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Pure water has a Ph of what?
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7
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A pH lower than 7 is what?
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Acidic
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A pH above 7 is what?
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Basic
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Buffers
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minimizes pH changes
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Solvent
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a liquid into which a substance dissolves
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Solute
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the dissolved substance
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Solution
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Solute+Solvent
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Salts
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Form from acids and bases
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heterogeneous mixtures
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mixtures that are not of uniform composition throughout-- a living organism is a good example
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homogeneous mixtures
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mixtures that are not of uniform composition throughout-- a salt water solution is a good example
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Organic compounds
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at lest one carbon atom covalently bound to another carbon atom or to hydrogen
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Isomers
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molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structures
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Structural Isomers
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substances with the same molecular formula that differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms
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Stereoisomers
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substances with the same arrangement of covalent bonds but the order in which the atoms are arranged in space is different
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Enationmers
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Substances that are mirror images of each other and that cannot bee superimposed on each other
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Polymers
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long chains or branching chains based on repeating subunits
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Carbohydrates
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sugars, starches, and cellulose
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monosaccharides
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simple sugars
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Proteins
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macromolecules that are polymers formed from amino acid monomers
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peptide bond
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joins the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of another
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Primary structure
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the sequence of amino acids in the peptide chain
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Secondary Structure
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results from hydrogen bonds involving the backbone
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tertiary structure
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the overall folded shape of a single polypeptide chain
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Quaternary Structure
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results from interactions between two or more separate polypeptide chains
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denaturation
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unfolding of a protein
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Enzymes
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Biological substances that regulates the rates of chemical reactions in living organisms
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Nucleic acids
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transmit hereditary information by determining what proteins a cell makes
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Ribose or Deoxyibose
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a five carbon sugar
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Anabolic reactions
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processes that build complex molecules from simpler ones
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Catabolic Reactions
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processes that break down complex molecules into simpler ones
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Exergonic reactions
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the products have less free energy than reactants
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Endergonic reactions
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the products have more free energy than the reactants
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ATP
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the main energy currency in cells
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Catalyst
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substance that increase the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the reaction
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Induced Fit
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when the enzyme substrate complex forms,there are typically shape changes in the enzyme and substrate
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Active Site
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the site where the substrate binds to the enzyme
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Inhibitors
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reduce or eliminate catalytic activity
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Activators
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Allow or enhance catalytic activity
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Feedback inhibition
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A common example of allosteric control
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irreversible Inhibition
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enzyme is permanently inactivated or destroyed
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reversible inhibition
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if the inhibitor is removed the enzyme activity can resume
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