Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
445 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Fragmentation
|
Fragmentation- describes the emergence of discontinuities in ecosystems and an organisms habitat -the process by which habitat islands form, where surrounding habitat changes either by human change or natural change.
|
|
Species number on islands
|
o Species number- Oceanic islands tend to have fewer species than similar sized areas on the adjacent mainland
|
|
Darlington's idea on why there is diminishing returns on islands ability to have diversity of species
|
o Higher Extinction rates: Smaller islands have higher extinction rates because they can support only smaller population sizes-rare. (Extinction rate decreases as you add more area.)
o Lower rates of colonization: Distant islands tend to have lower rates of colonization. Immigration rates decrease as distance from mainland increases. |
|
Adaptive radiation:
What is it? What needs to happen first before it can occur? |
o Adaptive Radiation- refers to the pattern where several ecologically and morphologically diverse species with a common ancestor occur together (usually in an island chain).
The idea is that ancestral species diversified to take advantage of unexploited ecological opportunities. The first step in such a scenario is increased population size of the colonizing ancestral species. With an increase in individuals, variability increases, and as variability increases natural selection can make directional changes in beak shape or size. |
|
o Ecological Replacements
|
Islands often are missing whole groups of wildlife thus opens gaps for adaptive radiation. Thus, Darwin observed the general absence of terrestrial mammals on oceanic islands. Since, many terrestrial mammals are grazing herbivores this absence has enabled other species to evolve and fill these vacant niches.Aka Convergent evolution through adaptive radiation
|
|
Endemic species-
|
-Native- in this context refers to a species that evolved on a particular habitat or area, and occurs naturally nowhere else.
|
|
o Flightlessness on Islands
|
Brian McNab has thoroughly researched the phenomenon of flightlessness and island existence. He argued that flightlessness is basically an adaptation to reduce energy expenditures, and resulted from lack of predators to prevent such an adaptation.
|
|
Major threats to island species
|
Invasive species introduction
Habitat alteration. |
|
• Zoogeographic Regions-
|
Is the observation that the distributions of life forms often were based on geography as a result of evolutionary history. Noted by Alfred Wallace, a contemporary of Darwin.
o These regions each include more than one biome. Zoogeographic regions emphasize evolutionary rather than environmental characteristics. (Centers of Origin) |
|
o The term habitat fragmentation includes five discrete phenomena
|
o Reduction in the total area of the habitat
o Decrease of the interior : edge ratio o Isolation of one habitat fragment from other areas of habitat o Breaking up of one patch of habitat into several smaller patches o Decrease in the average size of each patch of habitat |
|
Nestedness
|
-is a measure of order in an ecological system, referring to the order in which the number of species is related to area or other factors. The more a system is "nested" the more it is organized. So when it is fragmented each fragment will contain similar species depending on their location and size of the fragment. Results from differential rates of extinction as fragments have higher rates of extinction than recolonization.
o In order for a fauna to be nested 2 things must be true: o All fragments of a certain size must have the same # species. The species are all the same in a fragment of that size. All 3 species fragments have the same 3 species. o The collections of any fragment size must form the subset for the next largest fragment size. So a small 1 species fragment may be part of a 3 species fragment. |
|
Non-nested
|
o With a non-nested distribution- they show up in a variety of fragments regardless of location and order (birds might be less nested).
|
|
SLOSS- Single Large or Several SMall
SHould we protect small areas? |
o If an area fauna or collection species is perfectly nested, then the only way to save all the species would be to protect large areas; areas large enough to support all 10 of our original species.
o If the distribution of species is non-nested, then we should protect small fragments. So a random distribution=SS. Although most conservation biologists would argue that we should always try to save large areas of habitat, it just can’t be done sometimes. |
|
Landscape linkages
|
-(Planning which focuses on connecting smaller fragments to larger pieces of habitat through habitat corridors.)
|
|
Douglas T Bolger, Allison C. Albert’s, and Michael E. Soule conducted a study of Chaparral birds in 1991
|
HOWEVER, this was not the case. When they surveyed bird in a series of chaparral fragments isolated by suburban developments. Then they surveyed birds in a fixed plots of the same sizes that were embedded in a huge tract chaparral at a military base (Camp Pendleton). If the absence of a species from small fragments was just due to sample then by chance alone some of the tiniest fragments would support those species.
The small fragments did not support species, and they found that extinctions in fragments are more common than recolonizations. The most abundant species persisted the longest in the smallest fragments, and this differential rate of extinction that creates Nestedness. |
|
Time and Degree of Isolation of variables
|
Fragments that are just fragmented have more species, and as time goes on they settle on some lower equilibrium of species.
Degree of isolation is a notable variable, the farther away one is from larger patches, less species that can be supported (although some species will not even cross gaps) |
|
WHy do species need more area? Why are plots preferable to fragments?
|
o Smaller fragments can support smaller populations, which are in turn more vulnerable to extinction.
o Smaller fragments have more relative amounts of edge granting more access to predators o Smaller fragments have less energy (as food) to be accessed and utilized by the species. |
|
Introduced species: as opposed to invasive
|
-: a non- indigenous species introduced an area by non-natural colonization (mostly human transport)- may or may not be invasive
|
|
Invasive species: as opposed to introduced
|
a species that disrupt by a dominant colonization of a particular habitat from loss of natural controls (i.e.: predators or herbivores) they alter the function and structure of the local ecosystems via overpopulation and dominant colonization.
|
|
MDC or LDC caused problem
|
o One interesting aspect of introduced species is that it appears to be mostly a problem caused by MDCs (more developed countries). (Immigrants, colonists, and trade)
|
|
o Red Tide
|
Advanced between the 1970s-1990- in the southern Hemisphere- this was attributed to globalization and increased shipping. Dinoflagellate in the ballast water would be released in new waters to cause havoc. (Red Tide is also associated with algal blooms which are harmful or color water.-
RED Tide is a “harmful algal bloom” (HAB) or dinoflagellate invasive- Not all of them cause colorization, have nothing to do with tides, and are caused by a wide variety of algal species. |
|
Why introduce mammals?
|
Sport hunting: these are the ungulates
Transportation- (one humped camel in Australia) Commercial fur trade as seen in members of the weasel family (Mustelidae). Accidents and stowaways- (these are just about all rodents) House mouse, black and brown rats. |
|
IMpacts of Introduced species
|
Ecological impact: CAN cause disruption of structure, functions or processes in a way that destroys native wildlife and alters trophic levels.
Genetic impact: cause problems for native species for genetic reasons through interbreeding. |
|
The Quagga Mussel was introduced from Eurasia to________ where it has been implicated in the formation of a "Dead Zone in Lake Erie.
|
Great Lakes
|
|
Tropical forests or savannahs for hunting?
|
o When it comes to producing animals that are hunted for their meat, tropical forests are only 1/20 as productive as savannahs.
|
|
• Many factors determine the feasibility of farming wildlife. They are?
|
o Biological Characteristics:
Social behavior- social behavior affects the ease with which it can be farmed or kept in captivity. For example, it is easier to farm species that are naturally gregarious because they can be housed in groups or herds. Energy requirements: • Suitable food must be inexpensive and easily available. Herbivores and grazers are the most economical to feed. Notice that domesticated species consume food that can easily be found or produced. • Carnivorous species (alligators, cats) must be fed animal protein and may consume more than they produce. Reproductive rates • To be a good candidate for wildlife farming a species should have a high reproductive output- factors like age of sexual maturity, litter size, and inter-birth interval all factor into this calculation. • Some of these parameters can be adjusted by improving the diet. Animals fed higher quality diets will generally breed earlier. Litter size is more difficult to change and animals that produce a single offspring per litter are pretty much stuck at one. Growth Rates: • Improving nutrition can increase growth rates. Small animals produce protein faster than larger animals. • s |
|
o Conservation issues related to farming and domestication?
|
Demands on wild populations- In some cases wildlife farming operations continue to draw from the wild for years.
Disease- crowed captive conditions can concentrate disease into a small area, allowing for rapid mutation. (Can spread disease to wild populations) Law enforcement-Wildlife farming complicates law enforcement. Wildlife farming operations are often a front for people laundering illegal trade in wild caught animals. It is impossible to tell if the bones of a tiger originated from an animal snared in the wild or a captive bred, “farmed” animal. Economic Considerations It is usually more cost effective to hunt wildlife rather than to farm it- at least until local wildlife populations disappear. (Negative externality- scarcity driven). Introduced Species Problem- Species suitable for farming are those with high reproductive rates, fast growth, and generalized diets. These same characteristics would enable species to become pests if introduced as non- native wildlife. |
|
Definition
Farming |
intensive husbandry of wild animals in confinement. May involve harvesting young or eggs from the wild.
|
|
Definition: Domestication
|
domesticated animals are those that breed readily in captivity and whose owners have some control over their reproduction.
|
|
Definition Ranching
|
management of animals that may be fenced but otherwise managed as wild.
|
|
• Human hunting is responsible for the decline of _____ of mammals and birds threatened with extinction
|
1/3
|
|
Subsistence hunting
|
hunting for food provision
|
|
Commercial hunting
|
hunting for the market, profit, and economic gain
|
|
Sustainable hunting-Two schools of anthropological thought
|
Native people have been hunting animals for thousands of years without driving them to extinction. They were able to do this, the argument goes, because people were in tune with their surroundings, and lived in balance with their environment, often actively managing their resources.
The Ecologically Noble Savage is a myth, and native people take what they need even if it depletes the resource. This side suggests that it was low population density and simple technology that allowed native people to hunt sustainably. (Really it is a combination of each: To some extent, early humans did actively manage their resources, carving out hunting territories, burning to attract ungulates and shifting hunting camps when game became locally rare. , where human populations are low, and people hunt with primitive weapons and consume the meat locally; their impact on the ecosystem is modest and can often be viewed as sustainable. ) |
|
Impacts of hunting
|
o Hunting lowers population densities of hunted species. For tropical forest species, this mortality is largely additive to natural mortality. Mammal populations are reduced by 70% under light hunting and 95% under heavy hunting.
o Hunting reduces average body size of hunted species. o Hunting can lower age of first reproduction in hunted species. o Hunting can cause local extinction in vulnerable species- usually large bodied species with low intrinsic rates of natural increase. o Hunting changes the composition of the biological community. Hunters prefer granivorous and frugivorous species- selection for these species can affect patterns of pollination, seed dispersal, and seed predation. o Human hunting of ungulates can reduce the populations of predators. |
|
• Characteristics that make species vulnerable or resilient to harvest.
|
o Species will low intrinsic (per capita- designated as r or rmax) rates of population increase are vulnerable to harvest. Primates and carnivores tend to have low rates for their body mass, while rodents and pigs tend to have high rates.
o Species whose nesting behavior, predator avoidance or social behavior is predictable are especially vulnerable because these characteristics allow easy harvest (IE communal nesting birds). o Species that are intrinsically rare are vulnerable to harvest. o Species that have the ability to re-colonize from other areas are more resilient to harvest. o Species that favor disturbed habitats are often more resilient to harvest. d |
|
Sustainable Hunting: Originally commented on by Aldo Leopold can only occur if:
|
o Harvest must not exceed production
o Management goals must be clearly specified o Biological, social, and political conditions must be in place to allow effective management. |
|
Shift from sustainable to non-sustainable occurs from several factors
|
Nomads become sedentary
Population growth Commercialization and market involvement Technological change INcreased incursion by outsiders |
|
What is the PPM of CO2 past/presetn
|
o The amount of CO2 in the atmosphere has risen from 280 ppm before the industrial revolution to 380-90 ppm today. This CO2 traps heat and has caused the earth to warm by more than half a degree.
|
|
Climate change and Biodiversity impacts
|
• CONSEQUENCES FOR BIODIVERSITY: Disappearing Wetlands- vulnerable to sea level rise-1 ft will eliminate 17-42% of wetlands in the US.
• CONSEQUENCES FOR BIODIVERSITY- Warming will be greatest in Sub-Arctic boreal forests of Siberia and N. America- melting ice and snow exposes darker surfaces + feedback- melt permafrost and shorten life cycle of bark beetle. • Consequences for Biodiversity: Widespread ecological changes in the distribution of plants and animals. - Everything moves poleward, extinctions will occur |
|
Colobus monkeys are the most
|
= Most arboreal Old World Monkeys
|
|
Classification for marsupials emphasizes their
|
foot and dentition structure (only 1/2 have pouches)
|
|
There are ___ families of marsupials in Australia.
|
15
|
|
Rhino are
|
Odd toed ungulate
|
|
Ocelot is indigenous to
|
Central America
|
|
The Dingo is not a ____
|
Marsupial
|
|
Mountain lions and _____are the same Species.
|
Florida Panthers
|
|
Tenrecs are
|
insectivorous mammals limited to Madagascar
|
|
Wilson and Reeder classify marsupials into ___orders
|
7 Orders
|
|
40% of mammal species are
|
Rodentia
|
|
Mammals have _______ _______ Jaw articulation
|
dietary squamosal
|
|
There are bears and Africa (T/F)
|
True
|
|
The only mammals that lay eggs are the
|
Monotremes
|
|
Tapir like the Rhino is an
|
odd toed ungulate
|
|
There are _____ families of Marsupials in Africa.
|
0 zero
|
|
Pigs are most closely related to
|
deer
|
|
Waterbuck is actually not found in Africa, but rather SE Asia (T/F_
|
False
|
|
__ families of marsupials in S. America
|
3
|
|
Mammals have a _____dentition
|
Heterodont
|
|
Richard Kilifie found a realtionship between frequency of forest fires and the amount of
|
black fur of Fox Squirrels
|
|
Desert dwelling antelope in Africa of interest is _____.
|
Addax
|
|
Mammals have __ occipital condyles
|
2
|
|
New World Monkey is the
|
Capuchin
|
|
Okapi is
|
a forest dwelling close relative of giraffe
|
|
Odd toed ungulates typically have less efficient digestive systems than even toed ungulates (T/F)
|
True
|
|
Virgina opossum arrived in N. America in the
|
Pliocene
|
|
Otters are part of the same family as
|
Fishers
|
|
Mammals have how many cervical vertebrae?
|
7 cervical vertebrae
|
|
Pronghorn is the
|
sole member of its family
|
|
Only ___ of marsupials have pouches
|
1/2
|
|
Roan Antelope is a
|
African Antelope of tall grass
|
|
Modern insectivores most like
|
first mammals
|
|
Orangutans native to
|
Southeast Asia
|
|
Wolverines in the same family as the ______
|
Fisher
|
|
Zebra is a
|
Odd toed ungulate
|
|
3 species survived the order of
|
Monotremata
|
|
Short Midgrassland is the habitat of the
|
Hartebeast
|
|
Sloths adapted a diet on
|
leaves
|
|
Dorcas gazell are
|
rocky-semi-desert dweller
|
|
Schimit's spot notsed Guenon is an Old World Monkey species (T/F)
|
True
|
|
Zebra is a ____
|
Hindgut forager
|
|
Meerkats native to the
|
Kalahari Desert
|
|
Platyhrrhini include the ______ and ________
|
New Monkeys and Marmosets
|
|
Aye- Aye is a secretive species of Strepsirrhini Native to Philippines. (T/F_
|
False
|
|
Lemurs belong to
|
Strepsirrhini
|
|
Neanderthals and Modern humans did coexist (T/F)
|
True- did coexist
|
|
Lorises belong to the
|
Strepsirrhini family
|
|
Lemurs reach their greatest diversity of species in :
|
Madagascar
|
|
Opposable thumb is a trait seen in this Primate group:
|
Catarrhini
|
|
Homo floresiensis fossils were discovered in
|
Indonesia
|
|
Neanderthals adapted to eating :
|
large mammals
|
|
Homo ergaster gave rise to ___ lineages
|
3
|
|
Neanderthals were genetically distinct from modern humans. (True/False)
|
True
|
|
Strepsirrhini broke off the main Primate lineage during the ____ period.
|
Cretaceous
|
|
Dryopithecus was a fossil ape that inhabited
|
Spain
|
|
Most recent fossils for Neanderthals show they died out about _____years ago.
|
27000
|
|
Limb structures of Dryopithecus are similar to
|
Modern Orangutans
|
|
Pollex is a term for the
|
Thumb equivalent
|
|
Hallex is a term for the
|
big or great toe equivalent
|
|
Haplorrhini have ____noses
|
dry
|
|
Australopithecus Fossil called "Lucy" was discovered in
|
Ethiopia
|
|
Gibbons are part of the same family as humans. (T/F)
|
False
|
|
There are __species of Marmosets.
|
26
|
|
Dryopithecus died out about ______ years ago.
|
8 million
|
|
New World Monkeys colonized the New World during the ____ period.
|
Tertiary.
|
|
Ardipithecus Kadabba is the oldest member of the human tribe. (T/F)
|
True
|
|
Members of genus Paranthropus had a specialized diet of
|
roots/tubers.____
|
|
Gibbons are part of the ____ group.
|
Catarrhini
|
|
New World Monkeys have ___________thumbs.
|
Non-opposable thumbs
|
|
Aye-Ayes use a specialized 3rd digit to
|
tap on wood to detect insects.
|
|
Habilis is the oldest species in the genus Homo. T/F
|
True
|
|
Tarsiers today are limited in distribution to the New World Tropics. (T/F_
|
False
|
|
Neanderthal gestation period was hypothesized to be ____months.
|
11-12
|
|
Sivapithecus fossils were found in
|
India
|
|
Aethiopicus were the 1st spcecies of the genus
|
Paranthropus
|
|
Tarsiers are the oldest primate group t/f
|
True
|
|
Oldest species of Ardapithecus occured ___ years ago.
|
5 million
|
|
Koala in Australian Zoogeographic region fills the niche of sloths (folivory) in Neotropics. (T/F)
|
True
|
|
The first step in adaptive radiation is:
|
Increase of population size: because it leads to more diversity in genes in population and thus more variety to adapt to new niches.
|
|
On Madagascar the ______ is a tree climbing predatory species of the Old World Weasel family. Viverridae.
|
Vassa.
|
|
Extinction rates are higher on islands and fragments when area is :
|
area is smaller.
|
|
1970s there was _____ of Tinamous introduced to Washington State from South America for sport hunting.
|
12,000
|
|
Darwin's finches are an example of a population that's undergone ____ ______ in islands.
|
Adaptive radiation.
|
|
Species that occur in one place in and are not known to occur anywhere else are:
|
Endemic- in this context refers to a species that evolved on a particular habitat or area, and occurs naturally nowhere else.
|
|
Half of all oceanic islands were NOT formed as a result of
|
continental drift
|
|
Habitat destruction was the main effect of introduced ____ on islands.
|
pigs
|
|
There are some scattered grassland habitats in Oriental Zoogeographic region. (T/F)
|
True
|
|
Tortoises filled niche of large grazing herbivores on
|
Islands near the equator
|
|
Darlington observed a relationship between species number and
|
island area.
|
|
Zoogeographic regions based on
|
Evolutionary history
Not biomes |
|
Flightless cormorants are native to the
|
Galapagos islands
|
|
_____ ______ ___ on Guam has been implicated as a major agent for extinctions in forest birds.
|
Brown Tree Snake.
|
|
_____ came up with Zoogeographic regions.
|
Wallace
|
|
WIdow birds native to
|
Ethiopian Zoogeographic region
|
|
Vassa forages on
|
Lemurs
|
|
Islands in general are characterized by having _____ _____ rates.
|
High extinction
|
|
Tropics of New Guinea have ____species of native monkeys.
|
0 zero
|
|
Wombats of Australia are convergent with ______ of N. America.
|
groundhogs
|
|
Atkinson argued that ___ were a major threat to Hawaiian forest birds as an introduced species.
|
Rats
|
|
Pigeons and doves on islands have commonly shifted their diets toward feeding on more ______.
|
Fruit
|
|
Flying Foxes (Order Dermoptera) are indigenous to the _______Zoogeographic regions.
|
Oriental
|
|
Tortoises survive today in the India ocean only on island of Aldabra. (T/F)
|
True
|
|
The Fairy Wrens are native to the ________ Zoogeographic Region.
|
Australasian
|
|
____ was essentially a flightless pigeon in Mascarene Islands.
|
Dodo
|
|
Numbats feed almost exclusively on ____ ___ ______.
|
Ants and Termites
|
|
Sloths and anteaters are toothless. (t/F)
|
False
|
|
Neartic zoogeographic region shares several groups of birds and mammals with the ______Zoogeographic regions.
|
Palearctic
|
|
The vassa is an ecological replacement for ____.
|
Cats
|
|
Elephant bird native to _____
|
Madagascar.
|
|
Elephant shrews found only in _____ Zoogeographic region.
|
Ethiopian.
|
|
Leafbirds found in the _____ Zoogeographic region.
|
Oriental
|
|
Golden Moles found in _____ Zoogeographic region.
|
Ethiopian
|
|
The opposite of completely random distribution pattern is a completely____ one.
|
Nested
|
|
The chief predators of small woodland birds in teh Piceance Basin are
|
Hawks
|
|
Smaller fragments tend to have relatively more _____, which can increase predator pressure.
|
Edge- outer rim area allows more opportunities for entry.
|
|
Neotropical migrants are not all ______ ______.
|
Passerine birds
|
|
Once the Pinyon Juniper woodland was cleared, the area was seeded with _________ __________.
|
Crested wheatgrass
|
|
Bolger and his team did not explicitly test the idea that fragment age was important. (T/F)
|
True
|
|
Since the construction of tunnels under Alligator Alley there have been _____ Panther mortalities due to vehicle collisions along this road.
|
Zero
|
|
The idea that corridors serve as landscape linages came from _______.
|
Harris.
|
|
Bolger and colleagues tested the notion that a pattern of nestedness might be due to simply _______.
|
Sampling.
|
|
Land managers cleared pinyon-juniper woodland in the Piceance basin using chaining and burning. (T/F)
|
True
|
|
IN completely nested fauna, the best strategy would be to protect a single _________ _________.
|
Large area.
|
|
Bolger and his team did not explicitly test the degree of isolation of a fragment age was important. T/F
|
True
|
|
In the Piceanace basin area, some bird species of the Pinyon Juniper Woodland would not cross
|
even the smallest cleared areas.
|
|
If the bird fauna in a series of fragments is nested then the mammals and flowering plants would not also have to be:
|
nested
|
|
The most vehicle caused black bear deaths occurs in the _____ -_____ ______ area.
|
Ocala national forest
|
|
The Black bear is an example of a species that is endangered by_____ in Florida.
|
Roads
|
|
The smaller fragments of habitat might not support a species, the FWC and DOT did what?
|
Built tunnels under some roads.
|
|
In a completely nested pattern, all the three species fragments would have the
|
same 3 species.
|
|
The Piceance basin is in:
|
Western Colorado
|
|
Bolger and his colleagues studies the distribution of ____ in chaparral fragments and plots.
|
Birds
|
|
BOlger and his team found teh effect of reducing area of habitat was
|
greater in fragments.
|
|
Between 1976 and 2004 and _____ bears were killed on Florida roads.
|
1356
|
|
Sea Lampreys invaded the Great lakes following the
|
Construction of canals.
|
|
English colonists introduced the _____ ______ into Lake Victoria.
|
Nile Perch
|
|
Burmese Pythons in the Everglades National park were likely introduced by _____ ______
|
Private citizens with pets
|
|
According to Moulton there are fewer examples of Introductions to LDC's than MDC's. (T/F)
|
True.
|
|
The ____ _____ ________ is an example of a mammal introduced to control rats in cane fields on Caribbean islands and in Hawaii.
|
Small Indian mongoose
|
|
The _____ ______ was introduced from Eurasia to the Great Lakes where it has been implicated in the formation of a Dead Zone in Lake Erie
|
Quagga mussel
|
|
The Eurasian Collared Dove spread all over Europe after it was introduced to :
|
Turkey
|
|
Accroding to a book by Meshaka, there are __ introduced species of gecko in Florida.
|
13
|
|
As many as 38 species of passerine birds were relased in Tahiti for
|
aesthetic reasons.
|
|
The Eurasian Collared Dove came to the United Sates when it was intentionally introduced to Central Park in NYC. T/F
|
False
|
|
According to Michael Huston, species from _____ seem to dominate the invasion process.
|
Eurasia
|
|
Green Crabs were introduced in the US from
|
Europe
|
|
The ___ ___ ____ is a small (3 in) introduced species that eats the same foods as several NA crabs.
|
Asian Shore Crab
|
|
As many as 11 species of deer have been introduced to ___ _____ for recreational hunting.
|
New Zealand
|
|
Green Crabs were forest reported on the West Coast of the US in:
|
1989
|
|
THe only surviving wild population of one humped camels occurs in _______.
|
Australia.
|
|
Zebra mussels were first seen in the US in ____ ___ ____ in 1988.
|
Lake St. Clair
|
|
The Majority of introduced bird species are invasive and spread great distances from their point of introduction. (T/F
|
False
|
|
According to Lever's book on naturalized mammals the highest number of mammal species has been introduced to
|
New Zealand
|
|
____ ____ were introduced to Laysan Island to produce a food supply for future visitors to the island.
|
Guinea pig
|
|
According to Long's book on introduced birds the highest number of bird species has been introduced to _______.
|
Hawaii
|
|
____ _______ were introduced to Bermuda to control introduced Anolis lizards.
|
Great Kiskadees
|
|
According to an Ohio State University Report, _____ once were commonly introduced to the US in bunches of Bananas.
|
Tarantulas
|
|
A dinoflagellate species that causes red tides was introduced to _______in ship's ballast.
|
Tasmania
|
|
Zebra Mussels may concentrate toxins in their tissues that ultimately poison certain species of ___ ___
|
diving ducks
|
|
Ladybirds beetles were introduces to _______ to control a leaf scale insect that was destroying native cedar trees.
|
Bermuda
|
|
____ ____ were introduced to Cane Fields in Australia to control cane grubs.
|
Cane Toads
|
|
Red-billed Leiothrix introduced to Hawaii from
|
China
|
|
Colonists from England brought house sparrows to
|
Hawaii
|
|
Sustainable use of alligators generates ______ a year
|
$60 million
|
|
Most examples of successful wildlife ranching operations are confined to ____ ____ __ ____ regions.
|
Tropical and temperate savanna
|
|
Pacas are tropical _____
|
rodents
|
|
In tropical forest areas, all indications are that wildlife farming for meat is economically viable compared with hunting or farming domesticated species . (T/F)
|
FALSE
|
|
If you were to farm wildlife, ____ would be most cost effective
|
Capybara
|
|
The ____ is the most valuable part of the Capybara carcass
|
skin
|
|
Captive populations can act as a reservoir for diseases that can spread to
|
wild populations
|
|
Barking Deer are candidate species in ____ for farming.
|
Asia
|
|
Wildlife ranching operations often combine the sales of hides and licences to hunt with the sale of ______.
|
Meat
|
|
To be a good candidate for wildlife farming a species should have a:
|
high reproductive rate
|
|
Origins of domestic stock date back ______ years
|
12,000
|
|
Tropical forests are about ____ as productive as savannahs.
|
1/10
|
|
The reproductive efficiency of Capybara is ____ times that of cattle.
|
6 (six)
|
|
Flying foxes are threatened with extinction because they are considered a delicacy. (T/F)
|
True
|
|
It is not usually more cost efficient to farm wildlife than to hunt it. (T/F)
|
True
|
|
Wildlife farming complicates law enforcement (T/F)
|
True
|
|
People in the World's tropical forests have little or no tradition of raising domestic livestock (T/F
|
True
|
|
Some Venezuelan ranch owners are more inclined to protect wetlands because they support capybara (T/F)
|
True
|
|
Species most suitable for farming have some of the same characteristics as species that might become :
|
pests or invasive
|
|
The large flying fox is not indigenous to :
|
Africa
|
|
Flying foxes are poor candidates for farming because they have :
|
Low Biological productivity
|
|
It takes ___ months to produce one ton of cattle.
|
14
|
|
Chinese soft shelled turtles have become pests in ___ where they were introduced
|
Malaysia
|
|
Long term studies show that alligator populations remain stable even when as many as __ of nests are collected for ranching.
|
50%
|
|
____ ____ ____ is not a S. American candidate species for farming.
|
Helmeted Guinea Fowl
|
|
One ton of rabbits can be produced in
|
3 months
|
|
It is easier to farm species that are naturally _____ because they can be housed in groups.
|
Gregarious
|
|
Capybara were officially classified as _____ by the Roman Cathloic Church.
|
Fish
|
|
____ of cane rat farmers in Ghana rely on wild stock for breeding animals.
|
90%
|
|
Alligators are farmed and ranched on a large scale in Florida and in ______.
|
Louisiana
|
|
The "Grass cutter" is a species of ______ indigenous to Africa.
|
Rodent
|
|
Scientists conducted domestication experiments on Paca in _____.
|
Panama
|
|
It is legal to hunt alligators in Florida. (t/f)
|
True
|
|
Frugivores like the ____ are popular as wild game but difficult and expensive to farm.
|
Paca
|
|
American alligators are listed on Appendix II of CITES to help control the trade in
|
Look a like species.
|
|
In 1944 the state of Florida introduced legislation to protect:
|
alligators
|
|
Primate populations in Equatorial Guinea have been reduced by ___ in some areas.
|
90%
|
|
According to the IUCN Red List Human hunting is responsible for the decline of ___ of the mammals and birds threatened with extinction
|
1/3
|
|
Hunters _____ population density of hunted species.
|
Lowers
|
|
Many markets in INdochina now only sell birds, bats, and frogs because _____ ___ ___ _____ ___
|
Large animals are nearly gone.
|
|
Human hunting _____ ___ increase the population of predators.
|
does not
|
|
A major difference betwene European and North American system of wildlife management is that in Europe the wildlife belongs to the
|
Landowner- privatized commons
|
|
Leopold's classic treatise on game managements argues for the use of natural resources without destroying the possibility of future generations using them. (t/f)
|
True
|
|
An unexpected consequence of the bushmeat trade is the threat to plant species that depend on animals for
|
pollination and seed dispersal.
|
|
For tropical species the mortality from hunting is largely _____ to natural mortality.
|
additive
|
|
Subsistence hunting occurs when hunters sell the animals they kill to other people living in the same village. (T?F)
|
False (comm)
|
|
Hunting can lower the age of ___ ____ in hunted species.
|
first reproduction
|
|
Species that are vulnerable to local extinction are usually
|
large bodied
|
|
For the sake of bushmeat discussion, ___ kinds of hunting are defined.
|
2
|
|
Communal nesting birds are especially vulnerable to
|
harvest
|
|
In the DRC, the duiker population has declined ___ due to subsistence hunting.
|
43%
|
|
According to Moulton, early hunters probably helped wipe out ___ in New Zealand.
|
Moas
|
|
One of the major factors that causes a shift to non-sustainable hunting is when nomadic tribes becomes ________.
|
Sedentary
|
|
Hunters often select for ______ and______ species, which can change the composition of the biological community.
|
Granivorous and Frugivorous
|
|
In Indochina, many large animals have been almost eliminated by hunting. (T/F)
|
True
|
|
Leopold's model of resource use was based on management of upland game populations, habitat management and _____ __ _______.
|
Control of hunting
|
|
Species with ____ intrinsic population increase are less resilient to harvest.
|
low
|
|
Rodents, Pangolins, and Primates make up ____ of the bushmeat taken in West and Central Africa.
|
1/4
|
|
Wire snares and shotguns allow people to be more _____ and less ______
|
Effective, Discriminating
|
|
Sustainable hunting occurs when people hunt for the sole purpose of providing for themselves and their families (T/F)
|
False
|
|
The bushmeat trade in primates is causing concern because of new strands of an HIV like virus who eat DUIKERS. (T/F)
|
False- Primates
|
|
Species are more resilient to harvest if they can ______ _____.
|
Recolonize easily
|
|
_____is a wildlife trade monitory network of the IUCN and WWF
|
TRAFFIC
|
|
Most observations of climate change responses in plants and animals have involved alterations in species phenologies. Phenology is the study of:
|
timing of event or natural phenomena
|
|
Global warming controversy is largely a ------debate.
|
political
|
|
The majority of GHG are produced by______ ____ ______
|
burning fossil fuels.
|
|
Driving a car generates more GHG than almost anything you do. T/F
|
True
|
|
Reducing carbon emission can help to reduce
|
GW
|
|
The 2006 Stern Report estimates it will cost ___ of global GDP to stabilize the effects of global warming.
|
1%
|
|
According to a 2006 study by Camille Parmesan, the recent relatively mild climate change of .6 degrees C has impacted___ of all wild species.
|
41%
|
|
Some reptiles exhibit temperature ____ _______
|
sex determination
|
|
The US forest service is under the Department of
|
Agriculture
|
|
Major GHG associated with GW is
|
CO2
|
|
People in the Philippines were over harvesting __ ____
|
Sea horses
|
|
Recent climate trends in mountainous areas in Central and South America have produced optimal conditions for ___ _____ which is the likely cause of amphibian extinctions.
|
Chytrid fungus
|
|
THe ___ ____ ____ __ was the last species of bird described in the US.
|
Cape Sable Seaside Sparrow
|
|
_____ ______ _______ is a group of bird species that is severely impacted by the size of protected areas.
|
Forest Interior Nesters
|
|
In the US a rise in sea level will have the greatest impact on
|
Louisiana and FLorida
|
|
Increasing spring temperatures have caused teh annual first dates of calling by frogs in New York to ___ ______ by 10-13 days.
|
be earlier- 10-13
|
|
the cue for pied flycatchers to begin their migration from Africa to Northern Europe is not based on temperature but
|
Day length
|
|
Scientist are able to compare levels of GHG from 1000s of years ago with present day levels by analyzing
|
Ice cores
|
|
GHG such as CO2 regulate our climate by trapping heat and holding it like a warm blanket around earth. This is known as the :
|
Green House effect
|
|
At polar latitudes, declines in the abundance of____ have affected a wide range of species from seabirds to marine animals.
|
Krill
|
|
Terborgh claims that _____ are harmful to tropical birds.
|
Roads
|
|
SPring in Alaska now arrives ____ weeks earlier than in 1950.
|
2 weeks
|
|
The USFWS has created ______ _____ to help conserve the Concho River water Snakes.
|
artificial riffles.
|
|
The Concho River Water snake is listed as
|
Threatened
|
|
Global Warming will seriously impact Florida because it has
|
lots of low lying areas
|
|
Many species of Cloud Forest Frogs have declined or gone extinct in Costa Rica. t/f
|
True
|
|
The US agreed to the Kyoto Protocol t/f
|
False
|
|
Effects of global warming will be felt most severely in developed nations. t/f
|
false
|
|
Cathi Campbell found that humans were harvesting large numbers of Green Sea Turtles off the coast of
|
Nicaragua
|
|
US per capita of CO2 is __ tones compared to teh average of __ tones per person with the rest of teh world.
|
22 tones compared to 6 tones
|
|
Methods for conserving biodiversity include reducing
|
carbon emission
|
|
The ___ __ ___ helped restore populations of water birds in the NY harbor.
|
Clean Water Act
|
|
Tortuguera was established as a protected area for
|
Sea Turtles
|
|
Tortuguera is a protected area in
|
Costa rica
|
|
GW will be greatest in ______ _____ ______ of Siberia and North America
|
Sub-arctic Boreal Forests
|
|
If no action is taken to reduce GHG emission scientists predict that the planets average temperature will increase by ____ degrees in 50 years.
|
2-3
|
|
Levels of several important GHG have increased by about ___ % in the last 150 years.
|
25%
|
|
As rising temperatures disrupt natural systems most species will be able to migrate or change their behavior. T/f
|
True
|
|
Scientist have concluded that human consumption of ____ ___ is the major driving force of GW
|
Fossil fuels
|
|
Water birds of several species have increased in NY harbor
|
True
|
|
The temperature of the ___ ____ determines sex of alligator hatchlings.
|
nest cavity
|
|
The climate is changing uniformly across the globe t/f
|
False
|
|
The Dusky Seaside sparrow originally occurred in
|
Florida
|
|
The US park service is an agency the Department of
|
the Interior
|
|
SSP is a
|
computerized mating system for zoo animals
|
|
Sound Hunting technique=
|
true
|
|
Reintroduction is not viable for species threatened with extinction t/f
|
true
|
|
Most successful reintroduction programs were of this species
|
Arabian Oryx
|
|
Leaves also produce ____ to discourage leaf eaters
|
chemical/toxins
|
|
Folivores must conserve energy whenever possible thus often tend to be _____ when moving.
|
SLow
|
|
Duplication of body shapes, functions, and behaviors in unrelated animals due to similar niche ecology is known as
|
convergent evolution
|
|
Humans find flattened faces much more appealing than long pointed snouts t/f
|
true
|
|
1960s, the dominant item in zoo news was
|
baby animals
|
|
WIlliam Conway estimated that the zoo ark would have room for less than _____ species
|
1000
|
|
Least successful reintroduction programs were of the
|
European barn owl
|
|
United States first attempt to reintroduce an animal to the wild involved __ __
|
plains bison
|
|
Value of snow leopard skin is ____ times higher than Krygyzstan minimum wage.
|
60
|
|
Some folivores use ____ as a way to save energy. (COmm)
|
Loud calls
|
|
Animals on three continents have independently evolved spines as a strategy of protection. t/f
|
True
|
|
Leaf eaters typically produce one small offspring which is dependent on mother t/f
|
true
|
|
Harp seals are an endangered species (T/f
|
false
|
|
A-ger is a
|
round felt tent
|
|
Capybara is native to
|
South America
|
|
Female gopher tortoise will need ____ to produce another clutch
|
2 years
|
|
Many species known to be keystone to their ecosystem are often
|
Unobtrusive, rare, or little known about them
|
|
Captive bred animals may not be best candidates for reintroduction
|
True
|
|
Every year over 100 million people visit North American zoos
|
True
|
|
Every year over 100 million people visit N. America zoos t/f
|
true
|
|
Orangutans native to
|
Borneo and Sumatra
|
|
Most common reason why some many creatures cannot be reintroduced
|
Habitat is gone- destroyed
|
|
Capybara females produce __ times more offspring (than cows- what?)
|
5
|
|
SLoths and folivores use _______ ___ to raise their body temperature to normal
|
solar heat
|
|
Adult snow leopard is roughly the size of
|
Golden Retreiver
|
|
Extirpation of moutain lion on Barro Colorado Island, Panama linked to teh extinciton of
|
Ground nesting birds
|
|
Bananas, Cashews, Mangos, and Durian rely on ____ for pollination.
|
Bats
|
|
Large head, large eyes, rounded body trigger a human urge to
|
nurture and protect
|
|
Koalas, Kapapos, Indri Lemurs, sloths are leaf eaters and thus
|
folivores
|
|
Snow leopards are often forced to kill domestic livestock because local people come into their territory and displace other prey or take other resources t/f
|
true
|
|
Sea otters eat many of these harmful grazers in kelp forests ?(not harmful they just serve as negative feed back for this guy)
|
Sea Urchins
|
|
Capybara are giant, semi-aquatic
|
rodents
|
|
Dr. Ben Beck reported attempted reintroductions of ____ succeed.
|
16%
|
|
Critics of Capybara harvest charge that ___ _ ___ __ ____
|
Method of kill is cruel (lies)
|
|
SPecialized stomach, slow locomotion are leaf eaters adaptation to
|
Low energy diet
|
|
Hoatzins and kakapos are folivorous______
|
birds
|
|
Centerpiece of zooprograms, animal displays emphasizing
|
education
|
|
Capybara are more efficent at converting grass to protein (t/f)
|
true
|
|
Ben Beck reintroduction program is considered successful when it creates
|
a self sustaining population of 500
|
|
Developing nations surivial of rhinos and elephants is directly related to the amount of money spent on____
|
protection
|
|
Stephan J. Gould t/f
|
true...w/e
|
|
Serious leaf eaters have leaf digesting bacteria in gut that they must pass through sharing food t/f
|
true
|
|
Creating conservation policy based on cuteness is not good policy unless said cute species ___ ___ ____ __ ______
|
Require large areas of habitat.
|
|
Tortoise burrow provides refuge for various species.
|
True- is considered keystone
|
|
ANimals that have already produced enough young or those that are hybrids between subspecies cannot be used for SSP
|
surplus
|
|
Heavy, hook like claws, sticky tongue, and rudimentary teeth are traits of
|
ant eating species
|
|
Most evocative features of a cute animal are
|
large eyes
|
|
Serval cats can't hunt in windy weather t/f
|
true- disrupts hearing and jump
|
|
Flying requires enormous amount of energy so birds that feed on leaves are
|
gliders or flightless
|
|
Penguis, Koalas, Giant pandas, apes
|
true....what?
|
|
WIth proper control, harvesting capybara encourages ranchers to preserve wetland habitats (t/f
|
true
|
|
Golden lion tamarins are
|
primates
|
|
Other characteristics besides cuteness can make a species more attractive, one main one is
|
Large size- ie whales
|
|
Impoverished herders have a
|
true story
|
|
Low survival rates of young due to captivity is due often to
|
inbreeding
|
|
first factor to consider for action for (reintroduction?)
|
if the original causes of decline are still present
|
|
Long legs, long neck, large ears on serval and maned wolf are for
|
Pinpointing location
|
|
Mongolia low cost incentives for protection of Snow Leopard were just offering villiage
|
clothes and flour
|
|
Capybaras attain their greatest density
|
Venezuelan W/e (this is so T's making)
|
|
John Terborgh rainforest plants=
|
12
|
|
Koalas and sloths save energy by spending hours motionless, how many?
|
22
|
|
Highly dependent on the gopher tortoise- are:
|
Gopher Frog and Florida Mouse
|
|
Reintroduction of orangutans from illegal pet trade is ill-advised because
|
habitat is at full capacity
|
|
Fish in Africa and South America use ___ ___ to find prey or are affected by
|
electrical signals
|
|
Capybara's high reporductive rate allows them to be harvested ____ of population at a time
|
30%
|
|
Black footed ferret, red wolf, Spix macaw sadly cannot
|
survive without captive breeding
|
|
60% of all potential snow leopard habitat is in
|
China
|
|
Keystone speices in New WOrld forests is____ which feeds many animals
|
figs
|
|
International Snow Leopard Trust
|
Identify ways to reduce deaths of snow leopards
|
|
Tropical rainforests are home to ___ of the earths species.
|
1/2
|
|
___ % of sunlight reaches the floor of a tropical rainforest
|
2
|
|
One Species( macarangas) of plant grows as much as _____ per year
|
8m
|
|
Most animal life in tropical rain forests if found in the canopy t/f
|
true
|
|
Figs are produced year round t/f
|
true
|
|
Gibbon calls carry more than a mile t/f
|
true
|
|
On average rainforest receive ___ of rain per year
|
2 m
|
|
There are thought to be on million speices of fungie in a rain forest t/f
|
true
|
|
Ants in the rainforest may be infested with spores form Cordyceps a parasitic fungus t/f
|
true
|
|
Colubos feed on
|
young leaves
|
|
Insects that become trapped in a pitcher plant may be preyed on ___ ___ ____ that live in the plant.
|
Red Spider crab
|
|
Bongos and Forest buffalo seek ___ in the forest clearing for minerals and toxin removal.
|
clay
|
|
____ are canniablisitic in Uganda
|
Chimps
|
|
Whale shark is the largest fish t-f
|
true
|
|
whale shared has come to ___ in February to feast on plankton
|
Coast of Venezula
|
|
The _____ shark specialize in feeding in empty ocean
|
Oceanic Whitetip shark
|
|
Pilot fish feed on
|
WHitetip shark scraps
|
|
A group of ____ dolphins is seen in show
|
500
|
|
Cory's shearwaters and Dolphin near Azores feeding on
|
Scad Mackerel
|
|
A ____ with its feathered leg like appendages fed on the "marine snow".
|
Sea spider
|
|
marine snow is
|
falling detritus from above
|
|
Clouds of___ provide energy for a certain type of bacteria.
|
Sulfides
|
|
Site called 9 north a spectacular array ____ occurs at a depth of 1 1/2 miles.
|
Tubeworms
|
|
An ___ may prey on the Nautilus
|
Octupus
|
|
Sea stars are close relatives to Nautilus t/f
|
False (No squid /oct)
|
|
Frigate birds come to nest on Boatswain Bird Island, an islet near __ _____ ___
|
Ascension island coast
|
|
Green Sea Turtle eggs mostly hatch at night (T?F)
|
False
|
|
Sailfish must eat every day
|
True
|
|
Geladas have the ____ ____ of any primate
|
strongest fingers
|
|
Walia Ibex are on guard when Geladas are near by.
|
True
|
|
ANdes are home to
|
Puma
|
|
Grizzlies are seen foraging for ___ on a steep rocky slope.
|
moths
|
|
THe long tail of the snow leopard is an adaptation for balance.
|
True
|
|
Gaint pandas feed almost entirely on
|
bamboo
|
|
Golden snub nose monkeys live at the highest elevations of any monkey.
|
True
|
|
Musk deer are found in
|
Himilayas in the summer
|
|
MIlk of the Giant Panda is rich in fat, which enables the cub to grow more rapidly than any other bear species.
|
False
|
|
Demoiselle cranes must fly over the Himilayas during their migration
|
True
|
|
The ___ has a flattened body adapted for life in fast flowing water
|
green worm something
|
|
Giant salmanders have excellent low light eyesight.
|
False (sensory node for pressure)
|
|
SMooth coated otter is indigenous to
|
Indian river
|
|
Smooth coated otter cubs begin learning to catch fish when they are _ old
|
4 months old
|
|
Nile Crocodiles rely on ___ to return to feed on migrating WIldebeest.
|
memory
|
|
All the species of Cichlid fish in Lake Malawi evolved from ancestral species.
|
False
|
|
Cloud spirals that from at the surface of Lake Malawi are actually formed by
|
Flys
|
|
___ % of species in Lake baikal are found nowhere else in teh world.
|
18%
|
|
The main scavenger in lake Baikal is
|
Crustican like shrip
|
|
COmpetition for mates among male botos is stiff
|
true
|
|
FIgs that drop into waters of the Amazon are food for fish.
|
True
|
|
Sunderbans is in the
|
Ganghes river
|
|
Cave glow worms use their silken strands for
|
fishing for prey
|
|
Each cave glow worm produces dozens of silken strands
|
true
|
|
Since there is no sunlight energy the cave system is run on energy from bat droppings
|
True
|
|
GIant centipeds in Deer cave feed mostly on
|
Roaches
|
|
Wrinkle nosed bats in deer cave is based on seniority of bats, oldest choosing the favored position.
|
False
|
|
Cave swiftlets use sense of touch to navigate teh cave t/f
|
false -sonar
|
|
Cave swiftlets nest on bare rock ledges in the cave.
|
True
|
|
Demoiselle fish in sea caves in the Poor Knight islands of
|
New Zealand
|
|
Cave salamanders detect prey using
|
Skin receptors detect movements in the water
|
|
Cave angel fish feed on bacteria.
|
True
|
|
Cave salamanders must eat every day to survive
|
False
|
|
The food chain in Villia Luz Cave is based on
|
Chemistry of sulfuric acid
|