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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Fermentation. Which of the following is NOT produced when glucose is fermented in yeast?
CO2, Ethanol, NADH |
NADH |
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Glycolysis. Overall, how many net ATP are produced after the 10 steps of glycolysis? |
2 |
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Glycolysis. Step 1. What is the starting material of glycolysis, and it is also the substrate of hexokinase? |
Glucose |
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What are the three irreversible steps of glycolysis? |
HK, PFK1, PK |
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Step 2. The enzyme that isomerizes glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate is called |
Phosphohexose isomerase |
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Step 3. How many types of PFK are there? |
2 |
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Step 4. The breakdown of six carbon sugar. Carbon number 4 of fructose 1, 6 bisphosphate becomes which carbon in glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate? |
HC=O |
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The Pay Off Phase. Which two reactions pay-off ATP? |
Pyruvate Kinase and Phosphoglycerate kinase |
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How many reactions require Mg2+ |
6 |
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What is the 3-carbon end product of glycolysis, after ten steps? |
Pyruvate |
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In lactic acid fermentation and ethanol fermentation, what is produced? |
NAD+ |
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True or False. Under anaerobic conditions pyruvate does not form because glycolysis does not occur. |
False |
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The ultimate electron acceptor in the fermentation of glucose to ethanol is: |
Acetaldehyde |
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The most important reaction involved in the deoxidation of NADH is: |
Pyruvate-->Lactate |
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When a muscle is stimulated to contract aerobically, less lactic acid is formed than when it contracts anaerobically because: |
Under aerobic conditions most of the pyruvate generated as a result of glycolysis is oxidized by the citric acid cycle rather than reduced to lactate. |
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An enzyme used in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis is: |
3-phosphoglycerate kinase |
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True or false: Gluconeogenesis consists entirely of the reactions of glycolysis, operating in the reverse directions. |
False |
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All of the following enzymes involved in the flow of Carbon from glucose to lactate (glycolysis) are also involved in the reversal of this flow (gluconeogenesis) except:
3-phosphoglycerate kinase, aldolast, enolase, phosphofructokinase-1, phosphoglucoisomerase |
Phosphofructokinase-1 |
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Which of the following substrates CANNOT contribute to net gluconeogenesis in mammalian liver?
Alanine, glutamate, palmitate, pyruvate, alpha-ketoglutarate |
Palmitate |
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True or false: The conversion of fruit 1,6 biphosphate to fructose 6-phosphate is not catalyzed by phosphofructokinase-1, the enzyme involved in glycolysis |
True |
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The main reason why [AMP] is a key regulator of many metabolic reaction (rather than ATP) is: |
The relative charge in AMP is normally greater than the relative charge of ATP |
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True or false. The blood glucose level is maintained in order to keep glucose from precipitating in |
False |
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In an anaerobic system that is metabolizing glucose as a substrate which of the following compounds would you expect to increase in concentration following the addition of fluoride?
2-phosphoglycerate, glucose, glyoxylate, phosphoenolpyruvate, pyruvate |
2-phosphoglycerate |
|
Hexokinase IV is regulated by what metabolites? |
Activation: Glucose. Fructose 6-phosphate. Inhibition: regulatory protein |
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Is PFK-1 regulated by the activation of glucose? |
No |
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What does F26BP do? |
It activates PFK-1 as a feed forward activation |
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True or false. Reciprocal control means that the opposite pair on enzymes will be regulated together. Therefore, when the activity of PFK-1 goes up, the counter enzyme FBPase-1 also goes up. |
False |
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True or false. Pyruvate kinase is activated by glucagon in every tissue of our body. |
False |
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Glycogen formation. What is glycogen synthesis catalyzed by? |
Glycogen synthase |
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When blood glucose level is high, glycogen breakdown.. |
Goes up |
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TCA CYCLE. In step 4, compare a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and pyruvate dehydroegnase. What is not shared between the two. |
ATP |
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TCA CYCLE. Step 7. What is formed by the action if fumarase? |
L-malate |
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TCA CYCLE. Step 8. Malate is oxidized into which 4 carbon intermediate. |
Oxaloacetate |
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TCA CYCLE. Overall. The two moles of CO2 produced in the first turn of the citric acid cycle have their origin in the: |
Two carboxyl groups derived from oxaloacetate |
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TCA CYCLE. overall. Conversion of 1 mol of acetyl CoA to 2 mol of CO2 and CoA via the citric acid cycle results in the net production of: |
3 NADH. 1 FADH2. 1 ATP. 2 CO2 |
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Is cholesterol a precursor in the TCA Cycle? If not, what is? |
No PEP. GLUTAMATE. ASPARTATE |
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True or false. Biotin and pyruvate carboxylase are biological tethers |
False |
|
Ca2+ generally ______ PDH and TCA enzymes |
Activates |
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The TCA cycle is regulated at which three irreversible steps. |
Citrate synthase. Isocitrate dehydrogenase. A-ketoglutarate dehydroegnase. |
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If enzymes 1 2 and 3 are not associated together anymore what will happen To the activity of PDH, isocitrate dehydrogenase or a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase |
No activity because substrate channeling cannot happen |
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If we label COO- of acetate with C14 where will it end up in isocitrate? |
Gamma carbon |
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Pyruvate dehydrogenase has how many enzymes? |
3 |
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Will c14 end up as co2 after only one round of the TCA cycle? |
No |
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The mutation of what TCA enzyme may cause cancer? |
IDH |
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What is added into the small intestine to emulsify dietary fats? |
Bile salts |
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The traiacylglycerols are combined with cholesterol and apolipoproteins to form a vessel called? |
Chylomicron |
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Which enzyme is used to break down triaglycerol into fatty acid and glycerol? |
Lipase |
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From glycerol to G3P. How many ATP are made? |
None |
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From glycerol to G3P how many NADH is made? |
1 |
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Fatty acid synthetase. How many phosphates are generated from fatty acid and ATP? |
2 |
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What's the carrier that takes fatty acid from cytosol into mitochondria? |
Carnitine |
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BETA OXIDATION. how many carbons are chipped off per cycle of beta oxidation |
2 |
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Does biotin participate in decarboxylation? |
No |
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What is the enzyme catalyzing the reaction that generates acetyl CoA |
Acetyl CoA acetyltransferase (thiolase) |
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Which reaction is not shared between beta oxidation, citric acid, isoleucine oxidation. |
Dehydration |
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When we eat lots of carbs what hormone goes up? |
Insulin |
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When insulin goes up, which enzyme get dephosphorylated? |
Acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) |
|
When ACC goes up, malonyl CoA goes up. This will inhibit which enzyme? |
Carnitine acts-tranferase 1 (CAT 1) |
|
Coenzyme B12 is needed for what enzyme? |
Methylmalonyl CoA mutase (MM CoA mutase) |
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Genetic defect in which enzyme can cause serious symptoms such as fat accumulation, high blood acid level, low blood glucose, vomiting and coma? |
Medium chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase |
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When we eat lots of food, which metabolite accumulates and get shuttle out of mitochondria? |
Citrate |
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Which enzyme turns pyruvate to oxaloacetate in the mitochondria? |
Pyruvate carboxylase |
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In the cytoplasm which enzyme turn oxaloacetate into pyruvate? |
MDH and Malic enzyme |
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Which of the following is NOT required for the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetyl CoA?
ATP. CoA-SH. NAD+. FAD. Lipoic acid. |
ATP |
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What form of ACC is active |
Aggregation form. Multimer |
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Epinephrine will have what effect on ACC? |
Shut down. Inhibit |
|
Woo |
Hoo |
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TCA CYCLE. Step 1. Citrate synthase Acetyl-CoA is combined with oxaloacetate to generate citrate with how many carbons? |
6 |
|
TCA CYCLE. Step 2. The production of isocitrate is catalyzed by which enzyme? |
Aconitase |
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TCA CYCLE. Step 3/4. There are two oxidative decarboxylation enzymes. What are they. |
IDH and KGDH |
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TCA CYCLE. In step 4, compare a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and pyruvate dehydroegnase. What is not shared between the two. |
ATP |
|
TCA CYCLE. Step 5. Now we only have 4 carbons. Which reaction shows substrate level phosphorylation that produces ATP or GTP? |
Syccinyl-CoA synthetase |