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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Pulmonary ventilation
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The inhalation and exhalation of air; involves exchange between atmosphere and alveoli
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External respiration
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Exchange of gases between alveoli of lungs and pulmonary capillaries across the respiratory membrane
Blood loses O2 and gains CO2 |
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Internal respiration
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Exchange of gases between blood in systemic capillaries and tissues
Blood gains O2 and loses CO2 |
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External intercostals
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Muscles of inspiration; lift rib cage up and out
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Muscles of exhalation?
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Internal intercostals
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Intrapleural pressure
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Pressure between parietal and visceral pleura of lungs. Always less than alveolar pressure
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Alveolar pressure
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Pressure inside the lungs when the volume increases
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What is happening to pressure during exhalation?
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Pressure inside lungs exceeds atmospheric pressure.
Passive process |
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What is elastic recoil and what causes it?
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The natural tendency of the chest to spring back after inhalation. Caused by surface tension
Causes pressure to increase in lungs |
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What do Type II cells of the lungs do?
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Release surfactant (phospholipids and lipoproteins) to reduce surface tension
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Compliance
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Effort required to stretch chest wall
Good (high) compliance = elastic recoil fibers and fine and surfactant is doing its job |
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Airway resistance
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Provided by walls of airways which have smooth muscle and are controlled by sympathetic system
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Dalton's Law
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Gas pressure is independent of other gases present in mixture
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Henry's Law
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The quantity of gas that will dissolve is proportional to the pressure and solubility
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Emphysema
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Surface area of alveoli is decreased as walls disintegrate and gas exchange is slowed
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Pulmonary edema
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Buildup of interstitial fluid between the alveoli of lungs slows the rate of gas exchange due to increased distance for diffusion
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HIgh altitude sickness
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As altitude increases, O2 pressure decreases, which causes diffusion to slow down
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Effect of pressure on oxygen binding hemoglobin
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Higher pressure = more saturation
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effect of acidity on affinity
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higher acid= less affinity so oxygen dissociates more readily
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Bohr effect
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An increase in H ions causes oxygen to unload from Hb.
Increased O2 binding causes H to be released from Hb |
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Effect of partial pressure of CO2
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As CO2 pressure increases, oxygen has less affinity and is released. pH decreases which also decreases affinity
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Effect of temp on affinity
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high temp= less affinity
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BPG
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Decreases affinity of Hb for O2. Decreases pH
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How does CO poisoning occur?
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CO has 200x more affinity for Hb than O2 and takes its spot
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Chloride shift
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Cl ions move from plasma to RBC when gases are exchanged in internal respiration
Bicarbonate moves out |
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Haldane effect
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The lower the amount of oxyhemoglobin in the blood, the higher the CO2 carrying capacity
Deoxyhemoglobin binds and transports more CO2 |
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Respiratory center
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A widely dispersed group of neurons that receive nerve impulses that control the action of the respiratory muscles
Located in the pons and medulla region |
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Medullary rhythmicity area
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Controls the basic rhythm of respiration
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Pneumotaxic area
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Located in the upper pons and transmits inhibitory info to the inspiratory area (prevents overfilling)
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Apneustic area
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Located in the lower pons and coordinates transition between inhalation and exhalation
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central chemoreceptors
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located in CNS and respond to changes in pH and pCO2 in cerebrospinal fluid
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peripheral chemoreceptors
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Located in aortic and carotid bodies
Sensitive to changes in pO2 and pCO2 and H |
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Asthma
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Chronic airway inflammation
Airway hypersensitivity to stimuli Airway obstruction |
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Pneumonia
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Acute infection or inflammation of alveoli
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Tuberculosis
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Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Causes fibrous nodules and scar tissue around the lungs, which constricts them |
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Cystic fibrosis
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Inherited disease of secretory epithelia that affects airways, liver, pancreas, small intestine, and sweat glands by mucous accumulation
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Small cell carcinoma
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cells of primary bronchus constantly grow
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Adenocarcinoma
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Bronchial glands and alveolar cells have a tumor
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Uterine/Menstrual cycle
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a series of events that prepares the endometrium of the uterus for the arrival of a fertilized ovum
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Ovarian cycle
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a series of events in the ovaries that occur during and after the maturation of an oocyte
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Menstrual phase
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First 4-5 days of ovarian cycle
Functional layer is sloughed off Declining levels of progesterone and estrogen cause constriction of blood vessels and cells die |
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Preovulatory phase
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6-13 days in
Ovaries: Secondary follicles of ovaries secrete estrogen and inhibin --> decreases FSH One secondary follicle grows larger than the other and becomes the Graafian follicle (produces estrogens) Uterus: Estrogens are liberated from the blood and signal the repair of the endometrium Functional layer is formed once again |
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Ovulation
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The rupture of the Graafian follicle and the release of the secondary oocyte into the pelvic cavity
High estrogen concentration leads to an increased release of GnRH --> increased FSH and LH |
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LH
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Causes mature graafian follicle to rupture after 9 hours
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Mittelscherz
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blood that leaks into the pelvic cavity and causes pain
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Post ovulatory phase
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day 15-28
One mature follicle collapses and blood clot forms from the bleeding, ruptured follicle (corpus hemorrhagicum) |
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GnRH
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controls ovarian and uterine cycles
stimulates FSH and LH |
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FSH
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Initiates follicular growth and stimulates the secretion of estrogen (granulosa cells take up androgens and make estrogen)
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LH
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stimulates further development of ovarian follicles and secretes estrogen
regulates corpus luteum stimulates theca cells to produce androgens which stimulate ovulation |
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Estrogen
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promotes development of reproductive structures, secondary sex characteristics, and breasts
increases protein anabolism decreases cholesterol |
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Progesterone
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secreted by cells of corpus luteum
prepares and maintains endometrium for implantation prepares mammary glands |
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Relaxin
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Produced by corpus luteum
Relaxes uterus and inhibits contractions of myometrium Increases flexibility of the pubic symphysis |
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Inhibin
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Secreted by granulosa cells of growing follicles and corpus luteum after ovulation
Inhibits FSH and LH Inhibits follicle growth after Graafian follicle |
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Chorion
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secretes hCG into blood after 8 days of pregnancy
secretes estrogen after 3-4 weeks secretes progesterone after 6 weeks |
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hCG
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rescues corpus luteum from degeneration
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hCS
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helps prepare mammary glands for lactation
enhances maternal growth by increasing protein synthesis |
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CRH
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clock that regulates birth
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Seminiferous tubule
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where sperm are produced
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What stimulates sperm production?
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GnRH
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Where do sperm mature?
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Epidiymus
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Leydig cells
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Clusters of cells that are in the spaces between seminiferous tubules
Secrete testosterone |
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Sertoli cells
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Spermatogenic cells in the seminiferous tubules
Nourish spermatocytes Phagocytize excess spermatid cytoplasm Controls movements of spermatogenic release Produces fluid for transport |
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Blood-testis barrier
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Present between sertoli cells
Protects sperm from immune response |
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Primary spermatocyte
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Spermatogonia that lose contact with basement membrane and squeeze through blood-testis barrier and undergo developmental changes
Diploid |
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Secondary spermatocyte
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Two cells formed after meiosis I
Haploid |
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Spermatid
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4 haploid cells from meiosis II
2 x and 2 y |
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FSH in male
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Stimulates ABP
Indirectly stimulates spermatogenesis by combining with testosterone and sertoli cells |
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LH in male
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Stimulates Leydig cells to secrete testosterone (inhibits LH and GnRH)
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How is DHT formed?
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5-alpha-reductase converts testosterone in external genitals and prostate
Enlargement of larynx and deepening of voice |
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ABP
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binds to testosterone and keeps levels high
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Inhibin
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Secreted by sertoli cells
Inhibits FSH (which controls spermatogenesis) |
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How does the pill work?
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A mild dose of progestin and synthetic estrogen to suppress FSH and LH
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How does the abortion pill work?
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Progesterone receptors are blocked
Prevents blastocyst from implanting on endometrium |