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115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
_________ is the genetic complement of a cell or virus |
Genome |
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True or False: Gene is the entire genetic compliment of a cell or virus |
False |
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True or False: If a DNA strand has a sequence of GCGAATCCG the sequence of the complementary DNA strand is CGCTTAGGC |
True |
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True or False: The sugar in DNA is ribose |
False |
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True or False: DNA is single stranded |
False |
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True or False: The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose |
True |
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True or False: Genome is the entire genetic compliment of a cell or virus |
True |
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True or False: DNA is a nucleic acid |
True |
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If a DNA strand has a sequence of TTCAGGAT what would the sequence of the complimentary DNA strand be? |
AAGTCCTA |
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What four nitrogenous bases does DNA contain? |
Adenine, cytosine, thymine, guanine |
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DNA and RNA are |
Nucleic acids |
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The building block or monomer of DNA and RNA is |
Nucleotides |
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A _________ is a specific sequence of nucleotides that codes for a protein or RNA |
Gene |
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A nucleotide is composed of |
Sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base |
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True or False: The building block of nucleic acids is glycerol and fatty acids |
False |
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The specificity of DNA is in the |
Order of the nucleotides |
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What is the building block of a nucleic acid? |
Nucleotides |
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How many strands does DNA contain? |
2 |
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What sugar does RNA contain? |
Ribose |
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What four nitrogenous bases does RNA contain? |
Adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine |
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How many strands does RNA contain? |
1 |
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True or False: The sugar in RNA is deoxyribose |
False |
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How many chromosomes do bacteria usually have? |
1 |
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What is the shape of a bacterial chromosome? |
Circle |
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True or False: a Plasmid carries essential information |
False |
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True or False: Plasmids have to replicate when the bacterial chromosome replicates |
False |
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True or False: Plasmid DNA is the same as chromosomal DNA |
False |
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A small, circular DNA seperate from the bacterial chromosome is a |
Plasmid |
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True or False: Plasmid DNA carries non-essential information |
True |
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How many of the DNA strands serve as a template during DNA replication? |
2 |
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DNA replication proceeds ___________ around the circular bacterial chromosome. |
Bi-directionally |
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The lagging strand is replicated in fragment known as _______ fragments |
Okazaki |
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One of the DNA strands is replicated continuously, it is known as the ________ strand |
Leading |
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Since the two DNA strands run _______ the strands will have to be copied slightly differently |
Anti-parallel |
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DNA replication occurs where in a prokaryotic cell? |
Cytoplasm |
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One of the DNA strand is replicated discontinuously in fragments, it is known as the ________ strand |
Lagging |
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True or False: In prokaryotes DNA replication occurs bi-directionally around the bacterial chromosome |
True |
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True or False: DNA replication must occur in bacteria before Binary fission |
True |
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What occurs during DNA replication? |
DNA is unwound and unzipped, both strands serve as templates |
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DNA replication occurs where in a eukaryotic cell? |
Nucleus |
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Flow of information in a cell (the central dogma of biology) proceeds from ________ to ______ to __________ |
DNA; mRNA; protein |
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Where does transcription take place in Prokaryotes? |
Cytosplasm |
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Where does transcription take place in Eukaryotes? |
Nucleus |
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In transcription ______ is transcribed into _______ |
DNA; mRNA |
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In prokaryotes transcription take place in the ________ where _________ is transcribed into _______ |
Cytoplasm; mRNA; protein |
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How many DNA strands serve as a template in transcription? |
1 |
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A DNA strand has the sequence ATTCGGACCT, what is the sequence of the complementary mRNA strand? |
UAAGCCUGGA |
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True or False: A DNA strand has the sequence CCGAATCCCCG, the sequence of the complementary mRNA strand is GGCTTAGGC |
False |
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What occurs during transcription? |
DNA is unwound and unzipped, one strand serves as a template |
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Where does translation take place in Prokaryotes? |
Cytoplasm |
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Where does translation take place in Eukaryotes? |
Cytoplasm |
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True or False: Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis |
True |
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A ______ is 3 nucleotides on mRNA |
Codon |
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Each codon in mRNA specifies an ___________ in the protein |
Amino acid |
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If an mRNA codon is AUC what would the complementary tRNA anticodon be? |
UAG |
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True or False: The genetic code is redundant |
True |
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In translation _________ is translated into ________ |
mRNA; protein |
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Each codon on mRNA specifies an ________ in the protein |
Amino acid |
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In Eukaryotes, translation takes place in the _______ where _______ is translated to ______ |
Cytoplasm; mRNA; protein |
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True or False: If a tRNA anticodon is ACG the complementary mRNA codon is UGC |
True |
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True or False: more than one codon encodes for the same amino acid |
True |
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In Prokaryotes, translation takes place in the ______ where ______ is translated to ________ |
Cytoplasm; mRNA; protein |
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The genetic code is redundant or degenerate. This means that |
More than one codon encodes for the same amino acid |
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True or False: Bacteria are used to produce human proteins |
True |
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Restrictive enzymes cut all human DNA into the same number of fragments |
False |
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True or False: PCR is used to multiply RNA |
False |
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True or False: viruses are used in gene therapy |
True |
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In most gene therapy studies, a _____ gene is inserted into the genome to replace an _________ disease-causing gene |
Normal; abnormal |
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Define Sterilization |
Destruction of all forms of microbes where all pathogens are eliminated |
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Define Disinfection |
Use of a physical or chemical agent to inhibit or destroy microbes on inanimate objects or surfaces where NOT all pathogens are eliminated |
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Define Antisepsis |
Disinfection of tissue via chemical agent that is safe to use on human tissue |
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Define Sanitization |
Reduction in the number of pathogens on a surface to meet public health standards |
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Define Pasteurization |
Use of heat to kill pathogens and reduce the number of spoilage organisms in food and beverages. |
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Is Pasteurization a form of disinfection or sterilization? |
Disinfection |
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What type of microbes is the most difficult to kill? |
Endospores and acid-fast bacteria |
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List the three modes of action of microbial control agents. |
1. Alteration of membrane permeability 2. Denature proteins 3. Damage nucleic acids |
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State the mode of action of the following physical methods of microbial control: Heat (dry, moist, pasteurization) |
Denatures proteins, dehydration |
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State the mode of action of the following physical methods of microbial control: Autoclave |
Denatures proteins |
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State the mode of action of the following physical methods of microbial control: Autoclave |
Denatures proteins |
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State the mode of action of the following physical methods of microbial control: Cold |
Decreases metabolism, decreases growth, decreases reproduction |
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State the mode of action of the following physical methods of microbial control: Drying |
Decreases metabolism |
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State the mode of action of the following physical methods of microbial control: Filtration |
Pores in the filter trap microbes |
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State the mode of action of the following physical methods of microbial control: Osmotic pressure |
Shrivel or burst the microbe |
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State the mode of action of the following physical methods of microbial control: Radiation (ionizing, non-ionizing) |
Damages DNA (nucleic acid) |
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What methods of physical control can sterilize? (3) |
1. Autoclave 2. Dry heat 3. Non-ionizing radiation |
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State the mode of action of the following chemical method of microbial control: Phenol & Phenolics |
Alter membrane permeability, denatures proteins |
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State the mode of action of the following chemical method of microbial control: Surfactants (soap, detergent, alcohol) |
Damages membranes (dissolves lipids), dentures proteins |
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State the mode of action of the following chemical method of microbial control: Heavy metals (silver, mercury, zinc) |
Denatures proteins |
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State the mode of action of the following chemical method of microbial control: Halogens (chlorine, iodine, idophors) |
Denatures proteins |
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State the mode of action of the following chemical method of microbial control: Aldehydes |
Denatures proteins |
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State the mode of action of the following chemical method of microbial control: Gaseous Sterilizers (ethylene oxide, chlorine dioxide, hydrogen peroxide) |
Dentures proteins |
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State which methods of chemical control can sterilize (3) |
1. Hydrogen peroxide 2. Aldehydes 3. Gaseous sterilizers |
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Define antibiotic |
A substance naturally produced by a few bacterial and fungal species that inhibits the growth of or kills bacteria |
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What did Alexander Fleming do? |
Noticed where Penicillium mold was growing on a plate, bacteria did not grow |
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What did Howard Florey and Ernst Chain? |
Successfully isolated penicillin |
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What did Paul Ehrlich do? |
Magic bullet, synthesized salvarsan |
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What did Selman Waksman do? |
Discovered more than 20 antibiotics |
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What did Gerhard Domagk do? |
Used the dye protocol to save his daughter from a needle stick |
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List the 5 targets of antibiotics |
1. Bacterial cell wall synthesis 2. Disrupt membranes 3. Nucleic acid synthesis 4. Black protein synthesis 5. Metabolic pathway |
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Explain why antibiotics are not appropriate treatment for viral infections |
Because viruses DO NOT have any of the antibiotic targets |
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Is the target of antibiotics, Bacterial cell wall synthesis, effective against Gram +, Gram - or both bacteria? |
Gram + |
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Is the target of antibiotics, Disrupt Membranes, effective against Gram +, Gram - or both bacteria? |
Gram - |
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Is the target of antibiotics, Nucleic Acid synthesis, effective against Gram +, Gram - or both bacteria? |
Both |
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Is the target of antibiotics, Black Protein synthesis, effective against Gram +, Gram - or both bacteria? |
Both |
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Is the target of antibiotics, Metabolism Pathway, effective against Gram +, Gram - or both bacteria? |
Both |
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Narrow spectrum antibiotics are only effective against (Gram +/Gram -) |
Either Gram + or Gram - (not both) |
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Penicillin is only effective against (Gram+/Gram-) |
Gram + |
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Broad spectrum antibiotics is effective against (Gram+/Gram-) |
Both |
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True or False: Narrow spectrum antibiotic is less damaging to normal flora while Broad spectrum antibiotics are more damaging to normal flora |
True |
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True or False: Narrow spectrum antibiotic is less damaging to normal flora while Broad spectrum antibiotics are more damaging to normal flora |
True |
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What Spectrum Antibiotic increases the risks of a secondary infection or super infection (infection caused by normal normal flora)? |
Broad Spectrum Antibiotic |
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List an example of a Narrow Spectrum and Broad Spectrum Antibiotic |
Narrow: Penicillin Broad: Tetracycline |
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What is the purpose of Kirby Bauer sensitivity testing? |
Measures zones of inhibition |
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List 4 ways that bacteria can acquire resistance to antibiotics |
1. Mutation 2. Conjunction 3. Transduction 4. Transformation |
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List 5 ways bacteria resists antibiotics |
1. Produce an enzyme that destroys the antibiotic 2. Decrease entry of the antibiotic into the bacterium 3. Pump the antibiotic out of the bacterium before it can act 4. Alter target site if antibiotic 5. Change metabolic pathway |