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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
estuary |
saltwater from ocean + freshwater from land protected embayment |
|
brackish water |
varying salinity |
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coastal salt marshes occur in the ______ _______ of estuaries |
upper margins |
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How much of California is covered in salt marshes? |
Very little |
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What area has the most salt marsh area? |
San Francisco bay area |
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Periodic inundation |
when plants are regularly exposed at low tide and variably submerged during high tide |
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halophytic |
salt tolerant |
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How are coastal marsh plants spread? |
rhizomes and/or stolons |
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There is a strong _______ in salt marshes |
zonation |
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Salt marsh soils are ________. |
anaerobic |
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____________ tissue in stems allow marsh plants to obtain oxygen |
Aerenchyma |
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Salt accumulators |
Usually succulent Store salt and absorb water |
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Salt excreters |
Exude salty water droplets onto leaves |
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Plant diversity in order from highest to lowest: |
1. Angiosperms 2. Mosses 3. Ferns 4. Other 5. Gymnosperms |
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How much of plant diversity do angiosperms make up? |
88% 220,000 |
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How much of plant diversity do mosses make up? |
7% 16,600 |
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How much of plant diversity do ferns make up? |
4% 10,000 |
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How much of plant diversity do gymnosperms make up? |
0.25% 529 |
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What are the four phylum of gymnosperms? |
Cycads, ginkgos, gnetophytes, and conifers |
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Cycads |
11 genera (300 species) endangered dioecious large cones |
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Conifers |
68 genera, 630 living species |
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How many genera and species of the Pine family exist? |
11 genera, 232 species |
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How many genera and species of the Pine family exist in California? |
5 genera, 33 species |
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Are pines monoecious or dioecious? |
monoecious |
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Coastal Redwood |
Sequoia sempervirens |
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Giant Sequoia |
Sequoiadendron giganteum |
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How many species of oaks are there? |
500 |
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How many Quercus taxa does California have? |
34 |
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How many species of native oaks are in California? |
21 |
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How much of California do oak woodlands cover? |
10% |
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Savanna wodolands |
grassland understory, shrubs absent |
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closed canopy woodlands |
sparse understory and shade-tolerant species |
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Name three problems that have affected valley oak growth and distribution: |
1. Climate change 2. Grazers eat acorns and seedlings 3. Competition with non-native grasses |
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Chaparral communities cover what percent of California? |
9% |
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Chaparral scrubs have hard, dense leaves called ____________. |
sclerophylls |
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Some plants have underground fire-resistant structures called __________ |
lignotubers |
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Grasslands originally covered ____% of California |
13 |
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What 2 types of plants make up most of grasslands? |
Grasses and forbs |
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Pre-colonial grasslands in California were dominated by |
perennial bunch grasses |
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Grassland invasion is caused by what 4 things? |
1. Competition with non-native, invasive grasses 2. Urban development 3. Agriculture 4. Grazing |
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Parts of a flower (from outside in) |
sepals, petals, stamen, carpel |
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superior ovary |
ovary-sepals-stem |
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inferior ovary |
sepals-ovary-stem |
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pericarp |
mature ovary wall |
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simple fruit |
develop from a single flower with one or fused carpels |
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aggregate fruits |
develops from single flower with many separate carpels |
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multiple fruits |
develop from many flowers with many carpels |
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How many Ficus species? |
750-900 |
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The Bodhi Tree |
Ficus religiosa |
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Common Fig |
Ficus carica |
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Ficus leaves are ______ and _______. |
Evergreen and entire |
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What liquid is inside ficus leaves? |
Latex, white or yellowish |
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A hollow stem is called a |
syconium |
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The hole at the end of a syconium is called an |
ostiole |
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How do fig wasps pollinate fig trees? |
The female wasp climbs into the syconium through the ostiole, pollinates the flower, lays her eggs, and then dies. Males mate with female wasps who have just hatched and then chew the ostiole open so the females can escape. Females then transfer pollen to other plants and repeat the process. |
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Sporophyte |
produces spores |
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Gametophyte |
produces gametes |
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Describe the life cycle of ferns |
Sori from a frond with mature sporophytes contains sporangia, which contain spores, germinate into gametophytes. Within the gametophytes are archegonia (which produce eggs) and antheridia (which produce sperm), and then fertilization occurs, producing a zygote. The zygote matures into a fern plant and the process repeats. |