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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
genetics
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scientific study of heredity
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fertilization
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process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell
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true-breeding
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term used to describe organisms that produce offspring identical to themselves if allowed to Self-pollinate
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trait
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specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another
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hybrid
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offspring of crosses between parents with different traits
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gene
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sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait
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allele
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one of a number of different forms of a gene
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segregation
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separation of alleles during gamete formation
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gamete
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specialized cell involved in sexual reproduction
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probability
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likelihood that a particular event will occur
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Punnett square
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diagram showing the gene combinations that might result from a genetic cross
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homozygous
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term used to refer to an organism that has two identical alleles for a particular trait
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heterozygous
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term used to refer to an organism that has two different alleles for the same trait
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phenotype
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physical characteristics of an organism
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genotype
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genetic makeup of an organism
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independent assortment
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independent segregation of genes during the formation of gametes
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incomplete dominance
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situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another
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codominance
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situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism
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multiple alleles
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three or more alleles of the same gene
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polygenic trait
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trait controlled by two or more genes
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homologous
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term used to refer to chromosomes that each have a corresponding chromosome from the opposite-sex parent
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diploid
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term used to refer to a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes
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haploid
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term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes
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tetrad
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structure containing 4 chromatids that forms during meiosis
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meiosis
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process by which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell
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crossing-over
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process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis
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gene map
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diagram showing the relative locations of each known gene on a particular chromosome
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selective breeding
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method of breeding that allows only those individual organisms with desired characteristics to produce the next generation
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hybridization
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breeding technique that involves crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best traits of both organisms
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inbreeding
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continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics to maintain the desired characteristics of a line of organisms
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genetic engineering
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process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms
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restriction enzyme
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enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides
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gel electrophoresis
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procedure used to separate and analyze DNA fragments by placing a mixture of DNA fragments at one end of a porous gel and applying an electrical voltage to the gel
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recombinant DNA
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DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources
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polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
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technique that allows molecular biologists to make many copies of a particular gene
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plasmid
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small circular piece of DNA
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genetic marker
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gene that makes it possible to distinguish bacteria that carry a plasmid with foreign DNA from those that don't
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transgenic
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term used to refer to an organism that contains genes from other organisms
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clone
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member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell
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karyotype
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photograph of chromosomes grouped in order in pairs
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sex chromosome
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one of two chromosomes that determine an individual's sex; females have two X chromosomes; males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome
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autosome
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chromosome that is not a sex chromosome
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pedigree
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chart that shows the relationships within a family
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sex-linked gene
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gene located on the X or Y chromosome
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nondisjunction
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error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate
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DNA fingerprinting
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analysis of sections of DNA that have little or no known function, but vary widely from one individual to another, in order to identify individuals
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