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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the Lymphatic system?
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The tissues and organs that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. The channels that carry lymph are also part of this system.
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What are the parts of the Lymphatic system?
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Vessels, lymph nodes, bone marrow, several organs
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What is innate immunity?
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The immunity that your body is born with. Your body will naturally know how to respond to things. Active immediately upon interaction. It is a non specific response-Ex: Pollen Allergies
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(Innate Immunity) |
External Barriers: Skin, acidic environment, mucus membranes, hairs, cilia
Internal Defenses: Innate immune cells (WBCs) in blood, interstitial fluid -Phagocytes (Ex: macrophages-‘big eaters’-surround something and break it apart) -Lymphocytes (Ex: natural Killer (NK) cells-release chemicals to fight)Interferons Proteins that limit spread of viruses |
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(Innate Immunity)
What are the steps of inflammatory response? |
1) Damage cells release chemical called histamine
2) Mobilization of Defenses 1) Increase blood plasma 2)Phagocytes attracted 3) Disinfect injured tissues 1)WBCs remove pathogens 2) Pus is dead WBCs |
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What is adaptive immunity?
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Set of defenses activated after exposure-Specific response to each exposure-Ex: Vaccines
Important Terms: 1) Antigen: Molecule that triggers adaptive immune system Ex: Virus, Bacteria, new blood from Transfusion 2) Antibody: Produced by B cells made by your own body. Helps neutralize the antigen by marking it so the body knows to get rid of it |
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(Adaptive Immunity)
What are lymphocytes we discussed? |
1) B Lymphocytes (B Cells): Develop in Bone Marrow- Humoral immune response-Can produce antibodies
2) T Lymphocytes (T Cells): Develop in Thymus-Cell mediated immune responses |
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(Adaptive Immunity)
What are the steps to the cell-mediatedimmune response? |
1) Macrophage engulfs antigen 1
2)Self-nonself complex protein displayed. TCell activates 3) Active T cell divides into T helper and cytotoxic T cell. 4)T helper cells secrete protein to stimulate B cell Division 5)B cell divides into memory cells and effector cells 6)Cytoxic T Cells from a cytoxic T cell antigen 1 complex and destroys the infected cells |
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(Adaptive Immunity)
What are the proteins/enzymes involved? |
1) In the Humoral Immune SystemB Cells produce Antibodies these antibodies are proteins that can detect/bind to/and neutralize specific foreign antigens
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What are some cancers we discussed and how does the immune system fight them?
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1)HPV, Hepatitis B
2) Infect Body cells--->Produce proteins on the surface o the body cell--->Cytotoxic T cells recognize proteins and destroy cell |
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What does HIV do tohuman immune systems?
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Attacks helper T cells
Depletes cells in the body Interrupts cell mediated immune system |
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What are vaccines?
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Stimulates the production of antibodies to provide immunity against one or several diseases
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What are allergies?
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Hypersensitive response to harmless antigen
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What are allergens?
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Trigger allergic response Ex: Pollen
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What causes an allergic response?
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Histamine
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What are some immune system disorders discussed in class?
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1) Multiple sclerosis-T cells attack rotective coating around nerves
2) Diabetes- Type 1-Ctotoxic T cell attack insulin producing cells 3) Chrohn's Disease-Effects Digestion 3)SCID-Kid in Yellow |
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What are the functions of nervous systems?
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1) Sensory Input: Signals from sensory receptors to CNS (Ex: Eye receptors detect color and light)
2)Integration:Analysis of sensory signals, formulation of response, Locations? CNS/Brain and Spinal cord 3) Motor Output: Conduction of Signals to effector cells (perform bodies responses) |
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What are the types of nervous systems?
2 types |
1) Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain and Spinal Cord 2)Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Nerves that carry signals into/ out of CNS |
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What are neurons? How do they send signals?
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1) Neurons are Nerve cells that transmit signals
2) They use electrical impulses through action potential which is movement of ions in or out of cells |
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What is an action potential?
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Action potential is a part of the electrical impulses that moves ions in or out of cells
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How do neurons communicate?
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Neurotransmitters
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What are neurotransmitters?
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Carry information across synapse
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What are some neurotransmitters that we discussed?
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1) Norepinephrine and Epinephrine
2) Dopamine 3) Serotonin |
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(Neurotransmitters) |
1) Caffeine
2) LSD 3)Antidepressants 4) ADHD medication |
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How does meditation help the mind and body?
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Can treat depression and chronic pain Neuroplasticity Rewires the brain to produce effect on mind/body Affects brain’s functioning an d physical structure Increases focus, reduces anxiety, improves sleepIncreases compassion, decreases emotional burnout If you want to be a person that helps other people you are naturally compassionate-you internalize other peoples problems and experience emotional burnout-
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What are sensory receptors?
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Specialized neurons (or other cells) that detect stimuli from inside or outside the body
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What are the different types of sensory receptors?
(5 types) |
1) Pain Receptors
1)Respond to excess heat, pressure, and chemicals 2) Thermoreceptors 1) Hot/Cold, depth 3) Mechanoreceptors Mechanical Energy: Touch, pressure, motion, sound 4) Chemoreceptors Use nose and taste buds to detect external chemicals 5) Electromagnetic Receptors Electricity (Platypus) Can detect small amounts of electricity such as small muscle contractions Magnetism (migratory birds, migratory sea turtles) The earths magnetic field Interesting because they can find their way back to the exact spot they came from Light (wavelengths) photoreceptors Visible light-eyesInfrared light (Ex: snakes detect body heat) |
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What is sensory transduction? How does it work?
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Converting one type of signal to an electrical signal
Ex: Eye receptor Cells convert photons Ex: Taste buds convert Sugar molecules (chemicals) |
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(Sensory Transduction)
How can your brain interpret different ‘flavors’ in food? |
Specialized neurons (or other cells) that detect stimuli from inside or outside the bodyEx: Stimuli can be: lights, flavors, sound waves
Trigger action potentials once sensory receptor attacks stimulus |
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(Sensory Transduction)
How can the brain detect low vs. high levels of astimulus? |
How many receptors pick it up and send it to the brain
Levels of action potentials vary |
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What is scent memory? What are the parts of the brain involved?
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Signals from nose enter the olfactory bulb
Specific scent can trigger emotional relations and memories Olfactory bulb near amygdala and hippocampus Part of the lymbic system of the brain |
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What is asexual reproduction? Sexual?
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Genetically identical offspring
Only one parent involved Common with plants No Gametes |
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What is fertilization?
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fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote
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What is the difference between internal andexternal fertilization?
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Internal fertilization happens inside the female reproductive tract. Ex: Mammals, birds, snakes
External Fertilization happens outside of the body. Ex: Frogs, fish, coral, Most aquatic animals |
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Where are sperm cells made? What hormones are involved and how are they controlled?
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Sperm cells are made in the testes. Androgen hormones are involved and they are controlled in the hypothalamus
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Where do egg cells develop? What hormones are involved and how are they controlled?
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1) Uterine tube
2) Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) controlled by hypothalamus |
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What happensduring the ovarian cycle? The menstrual cycle?
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1) Ovarian Cycle: Development and release of egg. Follicle becomes corpus luteum
2) Menstrual Cycle: Changes in Uterine. Endometrium (Uterine lining) sheds. |
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How does a sperm cell fertilize an egg cell?
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Head of sperm goes into the nucleus of egg cell
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What do the following terms mean? zygote, gamete, monozygotic
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1) Zygote: Fertilized egg or a cell that has sperm and egg DNA
2)Gamete: Sex cell. There are 2 types (Sperm,Egg) |
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What do the following terms mean? follicle, corpusluteum?
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1) Follicle: Surrounds egg/ovary
2) Corpus luteum: Empty shell from follicle |