Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
136 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
3 div of bible
|
1. pentateuch
2. prophets 3. writings |
|
one overarching principle uniting bible and Israel
|
do good -> rewarded
do bad -> suffer |
|
bereshit
|
the beginning - refers to the topics in genesis
|
|
topics in genesis (2)
|
1.univ history of mankind
2.patriarchal period |
|
stories in patriarchal period
|
adam & eve
obedience of wives/husbands cain & abel - offerings flood abrham |
|
significance of flood
|
1st covenant w/ god - will not try to destroy man again bc he's weak
|
|
Shemot
|
"Names" - name for exodus
|
|
2 Exodus parts
|
1.bondage
2. exodus 10 commandments given in 2. chapter 20 |
|
mt sinai
|
mountain in egypt where god delivered 10 com
|
|
Tabernacle
|
portable mount sinai, people could carry god with them
a temple that could be torn down and rebuilt |
|
shofar
|
a horn, sounded to tell ppl to come up to mnt sinai to meet w/ god
|
|
Vayikra (Lev) 4 part
|
laws of levis, purity, holiness, sacrifice
|
|
Dereim(Deut) 3parts
|
means book
creation of earth death of moses promise land |
|
jewish book naming
|
based on first word
|
|
greek book naming
|
based on theme
|
|
Hexateuch
|
6 early prophets
joshua judges 1,2 sam 1,2 kings |
|
3 major Later Prophets
|
ezekiel
jeremiah isaiah |
|
3 wisdom books in writings
|
psalms, proverbs, job
|
|
5 scrolls
|
song of songs
ruth lamentations ecclesiastes esther |
|
song of songs
|
love poems
|
|
ecclesiastes
|
about vanity & wisdom
|
|
ruth
|
commitment during period of judges
ansestor of david |
|
lamantations
|
lement about destruction of 1st temple
|
|
esther
|
assimilated jewish girl, saves israel
|
|
ha sefarim
|
"The books" - earliest common term for describing hebrew scripture
|
|
letter of aristeas
|
uses greek translation of "the books" to describe pentateuch
|
|
kaneh
|
greek for reed or cain - used as measuring rod
source of term canon |
|
defiles hands
|
all books in cannon defile hands, way of saying what was official and what wasn't
|
|
processs of canonization
|
evidence as early as 2nd melenium bc of widely accepted official members of bible
pent closed - 6th century bc prophets - 2nd century bc writing - end of 2nd century bc |
|
metamei yadayim
|
hebrew for defiles hands
|
|
sig of bib references to torah (of moses)
|
name for pentateuch
metnioned in ezra/nehamia (about restoration after babylonian capitivity - now in persian period ~539 bc) So we know it was closed by 539 |
|
philen
|
scripture on head and arm (jew tradition)
|
|
mizzozah
|
scripture on door jam (jew tradition)
|
|
mishna what and when
|
topically organized collection of oral laws of Judaism, written 200 ad
|
|
Tosephtha
|
supplemented mishna, written 175 -200 ad
|
|
tannaim
|
sages who wrote mishna and tosephta
|
|
ommission of daniel from prophets
|
suggests daniel came about after prophets closed... so must have been closed by 2nd century
|
|
judith and macabees exclusion from bible
|
came about after it closed, not divinely inspired
|
|
2 types of biblical lit
|
1. prose - narrative, little dialogue, lots of consecutive verbs
2. poetry - verse has words acting as beats.Second half answers first half. law never put in poetry. |
|
ben sira
|
scholar & scribe whos book, sirach, didn't make it in
|
|
How far back can trace HEBREW manuscripts
|
only about 1k
sig** other translations go back futher |
|
septuagint
|
signif - translations go back further than our oldest hebrew mss
3rd cen bc the oldest greek version of old test, written for Ptomely the Second (285-247) the seventy - named for 70 elders who ascended sinai w/ moses not perfectly consistant w/ MT, has several books not canonized and other books w/ additions (eg esther is 2x as long) |
|
LLX
|
abrev for septuagint
|
|
Letter of Aristeas
|
corrier for ptolemy 2nd
describes to friend philocrates the eye witness account of translation of torah into greek by 72 scribes in diff rooms -> all came w/ same translation story has some fiction, but places a date on septuagint 2nd cen bce. older than oldest hebrew mss |
|
targums
|
originally paraphrasing of ot produced for aramaic speeking jews who were loosing hebrew
There are 2 official * Targum Onkelos on the Torah (The Law) * Targum Jonathan ben Uzziel on the Nevi'im (The Prophets) Talmud explicitly states that no official targumim were composed besides these two on Torah and Nevi'im alone, and that there is no official targum to Ketuvim |
|
HAGIOGRAPHA
|
name for writings
|
|
Sanhedrin
|
jewish court
|
|
2 decisions after destruction of second temple -- when
|
in 70 ad, the jewish court met in YAVNEH decided
1. could pray directly 2. bible closed |
|
ECCLESIASTICUS
|
another name for sirach, or wisdom of ben sira
didn't make it in |
|
current status of septuagint
|
jews don't use it anymore
became official text of greek orthodox church |
|
babylonian talmud - signif - gives account of story similar to?
|
sig b/c gives remarkably similar account to letter of aristeas
|
|
er
|
er
|
|
aramaic targum
|
oldest targum, dating to mid 2nd cen bc
needeb bc last centuries bc many spoke aramaic translation considered innovation, encountered some resistance may go back to time of ezra/nehamia w/ reference to obsure hebrew in torah |
|
Philo
|
philosopher in alexandria who recorded synagogue as place for studying torah, not prayer.
They would read, translate, then discuss **these oral translations and discussions were first steps toward written translation. because of the tradition of interpretation, many targums include mishradic expansions |
|
Targum Onkelos
|
considered OFFICIAL targum for torah (Law)
very systematic translation, word for word replace hebrew w/ aramaic had an agenda: 1. remove all Anthropomorphic terms for god 2. changed meanings to reflect better on god 3. avoid direct use of god name 4. make patriarchs look good 5. omit rhetorical questions 6. varried duplicate words in sentence 7. provide w/ rabbinic commentary |
|
Targum Jonathan
|
OFFICIAL targum for nevi'im (prophets)
very similar to onkelos style, but looser |
|
Targum of Torah – Palestine
|
targums that existed which weren't official, often fragmented
the palestine targum is the oldest for the torah |
|
Qumran
|
11 caves near Dead Sea, where scrolls discovered
very pious ppl lived there very dry and hot. lived in caves. dry heat preserved texts |
|
Josephus
names of texts |
jewish military leader who surrendered in roman wars
wrote aniquities of the jews and the jewish wars wrote about 3 sects |
|
josephus 3 sects
|
sadducees
pharisees essenes |
|
sadducees
|
REJECTED idea of afterlife, angels, and resurection
great wealth which was used for political power thought god not concerned w/ mans actions |
|
Pharisees
|
most opposite of sadducees
wealth in this life indicated God blessed a person and poverty was a curse as a result of sin. sect believed in eternal soul, angels, reward/punishment of deeds, freedom of will, resurection, sage law interpretation |
|
Essenes
|
very similar to pharisees, but more elitist
3 years to be full member LIVED ALONG DEAD SEA NW EDGE Priestly Aaronic Messiah and a Kingly Messiah poor but thought of themselves as wealthy, very content w/ little verrrry pious daily bathing celibacy fixed prayer jewish and romans found them pecular |
|
why essenes chose desert
|
jeremiah a verse says Israel's start in desert was glorious
|
|
stats on qumran findings
|
over 1k mss
800 from bible all bible books found save Ester mostly in square script w/ some paleo hebrew dates of scrolls 150 bc - 70 ad most bibilical scrolls to 2nd century bc |
|
finding scrolls
-who -which cave best |
bedoin sheep herder
best cave was first one |
|
jubilees dss
|
found @ qumran, gives solar calendar w/ completely different holidays that essens may have celebrated
|
|
temple scroll
|
one of longest dss
describes jewish temple plans (never used), regulations and practices written as revelation from God to moses may have thought soloman should actually have built the temple in this way |
|
masor
|
to transmit
|
|
2 scribe practices to reduce errors
|
1. copy from existing text
2. version not authorized removed from circulation |
|
massoretic text
|
official hebrew text from which all modern translations are derived
has always been idea of masoretic text (mentioned in aristeas letter and talmud) dss most closely align w/ it than any other (eg vs septuagint) |
|
codex
|
bound book rather than scroll
|
|
moses ben asher codex
when? (recent) |
asher was scribe, wrote in 895 ad
oldest hebrew mss w/ complete text of prophets found in karaite synagogue in cairo |
|
keter
Aleppo Codex oldest full what date (pretty recent) |
also called KETER - crown
929 AD, oldest copy of full bible accords w/ dss |
|
dss vs mt
|
several families of text from 2nd century bc
in spit of all families, match very closely w/ MT |
|
2 silver amulets from tomb
|
600 bc, have excerpt from numbers
** oldest piece of bible |
|
septuagint vs mt
|
sept:
esther is 2x as long jeremiah much shorter (have found hebrew texts that match it though, perhaps mt contains additions) samuel somewhat shorter |
|
Kidron Valley
|
in israel, where silver amulets found
|
|
halakhic letter
|
letter from qumran sect to jurasalem detailing their practices and telling them they disagree w/ theirs and they should follow the essene ways
describes essen practices in detail |
|
significance of mosaic authorship
|
moses would have had an eye witness account of bondage & exodus making it very reliable
|
|
the torah of moses
|
name used to describe pent as early as persian period. supports mosaic auth
name also used in ezra & nehemia |
|
exodus and levit on moses auth
|
both say, in 3rd that he wrote the LAW
might assume moses wrote all the law |
|
Decalogue
|
the 10 commandments, found in ex and deut
|
|
narrative motivates law
|
1st comm, took you out of egypt, have no gods before me
see the law as dependent on narrative, suggests written simultaneously. so if moses wrote one, likely wrote other law emph compassion, draws from bondage examples |
|
parity treaty
|
treaty between equal parties
|
|
vasal treaty
|
treaty between superior and inferior
ex - treaty btw egypt and hitites, where egypt was sup. Parallels treaty btw god and man w/ ten comm |
|
thomas hobbes
|
brit philosopher, wrote leviathin, critisizing mosaic authorship
thought he wrote what bible credits him for, nothing else one of first critics |
|
Benidict Spinoza
|
dutch philosopher who criticisized full mosaic auth systematically in theological tractate
|
|
theological tractate
|
text by spinoza, asserts moses didn't write pent, ezra did
|
|
Jean Astruc
|
doctor, wrote conjectures about memoires moses used to write pent, first suggestion of DOC HYPOTH
in 18th century, he hoped to refute crit of spinoza and hobbes in 17th ended up convincing most that moses didn't write it |
|
3 args of astruc
|
1. shifting names of god: yahweh, elohim
2. duplication of narrative w/ inconsist (joseph sold to diff tribes) 3. chronological confusion - 3 slave generations... or 400 years of slavery? |
|
documentary hypothesis
|
pent derived from independent docs which were combined/edited into current state by redactor(s)
|
|
19th century doc hyp (3 strands + redactor)
|
3 major strands & editor who pulled together
1. P -priestly strand - geneolgoy,covenants,worship, 2. two docs combined for narrative 2.1 J - jaweh 2.2 E -elohim 3. D - deut, added later, own source R- redactor - in time of ezra, maybe ezra, pulled together |
|
Julius Wellhausen
|
used principals to order 19th century hypoth
P - latest, complex, and in nature simple precedes complex thought P done after jeuresalem destroyed in 586 D - tied to end of 7th century bc King Josiah |
|
King Josiah
|
wellhausen thought he did Deuteronomy
He went around destroying all rural temples wanted central worship in israel, and only Deuteronomy has focus, so he is credited w/ writing deuteronomy |
|
berrsheba
|
king josiah destroyed temple -> became stove houses
|
|
centrality of worship
|
what josiah wanted, why he destroyed temples
|
|
signif of wellhausen
|
genisis not historical, retrogression written later, faking facts
says it tells more about 1st mellenium bc (when supposedly written) than 2nd when it pretends to be beleived desert nomads model for patriarchs |
|
ur of caldese
|
abraham said to come from there, but caldese wasn't around yet...
**supports wellhausen |
|
domesticated camels
|
may not have existed in time of narratives where mentioned
** suports wellhausen |
|
complex rituals
|
anthro shows many primitive socieites to have very complex rituals. undermines wellhausen simple->complex rule
|
|
reliable oral tradition
|
anthro shows it to exist, underimines wellhausen theory that time of writing was origin of idea
|
|
names and lifestyle in 2nd mellinium bc
|
consistant w/ names and lifestyle of patriarchs.. suggests story accurate and wellhausen wrong
|
|
contemporary view on trusting bible for history
libowitz |
can't trust bible for reconstruction of history
libowitz thinks outlines of narrative can be trusted - anylizing bib text and extra bib texts |
|
do israel map
|
do it
|
|
extra biblical evidence support distinct patriarchal period
|
1. Names - 2nd vs 1st are different. Bible patriarchs have 2nd mell names
2. the names are distinct in biblical and extra biblical sources to that period |
|
Philistines
|
dealt w/ by abraham & isaac in text, but they come in 12th cen bc, while abraham in 18th
support arg of fictional patriarchal period |
|
Chgar Bazar
|
18th century txt in syria w/ name JACOB
supports 2nd mel name theory |
|
theophoric names
|
names formed: noun + verb
common in 1st mel bc, not 2nd... the patriarchs names aren't theophoric, supports distinct patriarchal prd |
|
hyksos
|
asiatic ppl invaded egypt in 2nd mel
one ruler named jacov supports 2nd mel names |
|
mores
|
traditions invented in patriarchal narrative prior to settlement
mores of patriarchs have parallels w/ mores of mar town |
|
mari
|
town in 2nd millennium bc where
sacrificial & treaty MORES paralleled patriarchs cut animal in half for covenant making. parties to treaty walk btwn halves. genesis 15:9-10 abraham divides several animals in half, and god promises him land and offspring. flaming torch (god) passes through pieces - only god making promises here |
|
progeny
|
offspring (eg - those promised to abraham)
|
|
Melchizedek
|
king of Salem brought abraham sacrifice when he returned w/ Lot after saving him from captivity
abraham gave him a tithe - showing he thinks he's a legit priest |
|
Nuzi
|
city w/ FAMILY traditions matching those of patriarchs
1. slaves adopted when no sons. if sons came then sons became heirs instead **much like abraham in genesis 2. childless wife had to find husb concubine - just as sarah did w/ hagar 3. birthright of oldest son - double portion of inheritence matches issac and jacob story |
|
sacred stone
|
setup in by jacob in sacred area (2nd m)
1st m - deut says god hates sacred stones |
|
marrying wifes sister
|
jacob marrys leah, but wants sister rachel
lev prohibits marrying wifes sister while wife alive |
|
marry half sister
|
abraham wife is half sister
lev prohibits marrying half sister |
|
lack of heroism in patriarchs
|
abraham just says wife is his sister to avoid death
supports idea of authentic story. fiction would be more heroic |
|
hazor
|
area where Canaanite temple burned by joshua, had statues w/ hands raised to air (praying)
|
|
Battle of Megiddo
|
4 vs 5 kings, notable for names of 15th century (2nd mill) style
|
|
lesson from bondage experience
|
compassion - point of any religion, definitely Judaism
|
|
did bondage happen?
|
no extrabiblical support
plenty of references in bible |
|
slave population explosion
|
god fullfilling promise to abraham (miracle)
problem for pharo hebrew describes them as swarming like crawling creatures |
|
pharos 3 attempts to stop slave pop growth
|
1. put slave drivers over them
2. had midwives kill males secretly (but midwives sympathized w/ jews) 3. open homicide of any male child |
|
moses hebrew name
|
never used, unkown
forever called by egyptian name to honor pharo's daughter who saved him |
|
mose
|
egyptian for "give birth to", suggests possibly accurate since its a legit egyptian name
|
|
pithom & ramseys
|
2 cities mentioned in ex ch 1
pithum -> per atum - house of egyptian god atum ramseys -> house of ramses |
|
phinehas & hophni
|
real egyptian names of pithom & ramsesy
|
|
2 types of bible law
|
1. apodictic - do this, don't do this
2. casuistic - case law - in case you do such and such, handle it in manner |
|
abraham separates from lot
|
their herdsmen didn't get along. lot went east into jordan
|
|
1st covenant
|
after lot leaves abraham, god gives abraham all land he can see and promises tons of descendants
|
|
babylonian talmud
|
w/ septuagint, makes is 2nd most important translation
499 ce writing finished in hebrew and aramaic contains mishna and gemara |
|
mishna
|
first major written redaction of the Jewish oral traditions
|
|
gemara
|
300 years worth of study of mishna
|
|
Megillah
|
tractate of mishna about esther
sig: may read in greek only if don't know hebrew shows mishna auth understood need for translation |