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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Behavior Chain
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Consistent sequence of stimuli and responses that occur closely to each other in time and in which the last response is typically followed by reinforcement.\
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What is another name for a behavior chain?
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Stimulus response chain
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Explain the role of responses in an behavior chain.
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Each response produces a stimulus that serves as an Sd for the next response and a reinforcer for the previous response.
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Explain how the saying "A chain is only as strong as its weakest link" applies to behavior chains.
How do you repair the chain? |
If any response is so weak that it fails to be evoked by the Sd preceding it, the next Sd will not be produced and the rest of the chain will not occur. The chain will be broken at the point of its weakest link.
To repair the chain, strengthen the weak S-R connection by means of an effective training procedure. |
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In what 2 procedural ways are escape conditioning and punishment different?
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Antecedents--In escape conditioning, the aversive stimulus must be present prior to a response. In punishment, aversive stimulus is not present prior to the response.
Consequences--Escape conditioning removes the aversive stimulus following a response. Punishment presents aversive stimulus following a response |
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How are the effects of escape conditioning and punishment different?
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Punishment decreases behavior
Escape conditioning increases behavior |
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In what 2 procedural ways is escape conditioning different from positive reinforcement?
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In escape conditioning, stimulus is removed; in positive reinforcement, stimulus is presented.
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How are the effects of escape conditioning and positive reinforcement similar?
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Both result in the strengthening of a response.
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What is another name for escape conditioning?
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Negative reinforcement
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Operant conditioning
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The process of strengthening a behavior by reinforcing it or weakening it by punishing
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Operant behaviors
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Behaviors that operate on the environment
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Respondent behaviors
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Reflexes
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Unconditioned response
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A response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus
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Principle of respondent conditioning
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If a stimulus is followed closely in time by a US that elicits a UR, then the previously neutral stimulus will also tend to elicit that response in the future
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Factors influencing respondent conditioning
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1) The more the number of pairings of a CS with a US, the more likely is the ability of the CS to elicit the CR
2) Stronger conditioning occurs if the CS precedes the US by about half a second rather than by a longer time or rather than following the US 3) A CS acquires a more likely ability to elicit a CR if the CS is always paired with the US than if it is only occasionally paired withe the US 4) When several neutral stimuli precede a US, the stimulus that is most consistently associated with the US is the one most likely to become a strong CS 5) Respondent conditioning will develop more quickly and strongly when the CS or US or both are intense rather than weak |
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Higher-order conditioning
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A neutral stimulus becomes a CS by being paired with another CS instead of an US
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Counterconditioning
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A CS will lose its ability to elicit a CR if that CS is paired with a stimulus that elicits a response that is incompatible with the CR
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Differences in operant and respondent responses
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1) Respondent behaviors are reflexive. Operant behaviors are voluntary.
2) Respondent behaviors involve smooth muscles and glands. Operant behaviors involve skeletal muscles. |
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What is the difference in reinforcement in respondent and operant conditioning?
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Respondent conditioning--R comes before
Operant conditioning--R comes after |
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Explain the reinforcer in respondent conditioning.
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Pair a NS with a US. The reinforcer is that the NS (now called the CS) acquires the capability to elicit the response (now the CR).
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What is the difference in respondent and operant extinction?
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Respondent extinction--Presentation of a CS w/out further pairings with the US
Operant extinction--withholding a reinforcer following a previously reinforced response. |
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How do many people who are not behaviorists or behavior modifiers conceptualize motivation?
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Inner drive
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Motivating operation
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An event or operation that:
a) temporarily alters the effectiveness of a reinforcer or punisher (value-altering effect) b) influences behavior that normally leads to that reinforcer or punishers (behavior-altering effect) |
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What are the MOs of food?
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Deprivation and Satiation
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Negative punishment
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Remove stimulus, behavior decreases
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What are some examples of P+
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Slap
Electric shock Water mist to face |
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Types of R-
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Avoidance
Escape |
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Avoidance
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Postpones aversive event
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Escape
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Terminates aversive event
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What maintains phobias?
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Avoidance behaviors
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What is the motivational model for autism?
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R-
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Explain the avoiding of conditioned aversives such as taunts or teasing
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R-
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Operant
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Learned
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Environment operates on organism
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Respondent
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Organism operates on environment
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Operant
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Response is elicited.
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Respondent
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Response is emitted.
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Operant
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Organism has no control over behavior.
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Respondent
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Organism has control over behavior.
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Operant
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Diagram Pavlov's experiment with dogs and salivation.
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Explain respondent reconditioning for drug addicts.
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Explain Watson's Little Albert experiment
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Explain the counter conditioning of Little Albert
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Food was paired with white rabbit. White rabbit moved closer and closer ----> systematic desensitization
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Systematic desensitization
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Fear hierarchy
Progressive relaxation |
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Progressive relaxation
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16 muscle groups
Tense and relax each muscle group |
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Why does self-monitoring not work?
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Effects attenuate because no other reinforcer is present.
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