Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
In fish the vertebral column is designed
|
to resist compresion, it changes muscle contractions into undulations, vertebrae are all similar
|
|
In tetrapods the vertebral column is designed to....
|
support the weight of the body on land, allows some dorsal, ventral bending, articulates with girdles, shows regional specialization
|
|
Middle part of the vertebrae that surrounds the notochord if it persists in the adult
|
Centrum
|
|
Located on the top of the vertebrae, the spinal cord runs through this
|
Neural arch
|
|
Present in some vertebrates, this is located on the bottom of the vertebrae and is where blood vessels reside
|
Hemal arch
|
|
Lateral processes on the vertebrae that articulate with the tuberculum of the rib
|
Transverse processes
|
|
Processes that extend posteriorly and anteriorly to connect two vertebrae together
|
Pre/post zygopophysis
|
|
This species only has a notochord and neural arches
|
Lamprey
|
|
the vertebrae is concave on both sides
|
amphicoelous
|
|
The trunk vertebrae have short transversal processes for ribs, and nueral arch. Tail vertebrae lack processes and also posses a hemal arch, have a highly restricted notochord
|
Vertebrae of sharks
|
|
In sharks the ......are plates of cartilage that lie between the neural arches of all vertebrae
|
intercalary plate
|
|
In.....vertebrae intervertebral pads of connective tissue rest between vertebrae, nueral and hemal spines are incredibly long and make up most of the axial skeleton
|
Fish vertebrae
|
|
This first vertebrae became specialized in amphibians to allow the up and down motion of the head
|
Atlas
|
|
the last trunk vertebrae in Labryinthadonts became this, the place that allows hindlimb attachment
|
Sacral vertebrae
|
|
In ancient amphibians the.....made up the main part of the centrum, in modern vertebrates this space is now a cavity between vertebrae that allow for rib articulation
|
Intercentrum
|
|
These vertebrae have a concave surface on the anterior side and a convex surface on the posterior side
|
procoelous vertebrae
|
|
The second cervical vertebrae that allows for the side to side motion of the head
|
Axis
|
|
Found in birds, has a saddle-shapped vertebrae
|
heterocoelous
|
|
The group with the most flexible neck vertebrae
|
Birds
|
|
these vertebrae found in mammals have a flat centrum
|
acoelous vertebrae
|
|
In mammals intervertebral disks are found that have a pulpy center which is what is left of the....
|
Notochord
|
|
Vertebrae of the neck, has two prominent transverse foramen for lare blood vessels, a large neural arch for spinal cord
|
Cervical vertebrae, there are seven in all mammals
|
|
In mammals, characterized by a long neural spine and large transversal processes for rib attachment
|
Thoracic vertebrae
|
|
In mammals, these vertebrae are typically long and heavy with large transversal processes
|
Lumbar vertebrae
|
|
How many sacral vertebrae do most mammals have
|
3-5 sacral vertebrae
|
|
These vertebrae in mammals are fused and support the inominate bone or pelvic girdle
|
Sacral vertebrae
|
|
How many sacral vertebrae do reptiles and amphibians have
|
Amphibians have one sacral vertebrae while reptiles have two
|
|
These vertebrae make up the tails of mammals, processes are often absent, arches are absent as well
|
caudal vertebrae
|
|
In birds gives great rigidity to the body and provides strong support for legs, this includes the pelvic girdle
|
synsacrum
|
|
This bone gives support for the attachment of the long tail feathers in birds
|
pygostyle
|
|
In mammals this keeps the vertebrae from rubbing together
|
intervertebral disks
|
|
Bony fish have......ribs that provide..........for muscles, these ribs articulate to the vertebral column in ......
|
ventral ribs
...... strengthed attachments ...... one place .... ribs also assist in lateral bending of the body |
|
Most tetrapods have........of ribs, known as........ that are homologous to the .........ribs of fish
|
one set
...... costal ribs ..... ventral ribs |
|
Ribs in mammals have two processes....what are they and where do they articulate
|
The tuberculum articulates with the transversal process of vertebrae, and the capitulum articulates with the intercentrum
|
|
Fish have....ribs than mammals
|
fish have more ribs, they were present on all trunk vertebrae
...... mammalian ribs |
|
Mammalian ribs articulate with which vertebrae....
Sternal ribs connect to the costal ribs which forms a...... |
thoracic vertebrae
..... rib cage |
|
What is the purpose of the rib cage?
|
protects the heart and lungs
|
|
This is a rib in tetrapods that does not connect to the sternum
|
floating rib
|
|
The sternum was not present in ........but it first appeared in ......
|
Labryinthodont
..... first appeared in modern amphibians |
|
This strenghtens the rib cage and braces the pectoral girlds
|
the sternum
|
|
This groups sternum is especially large and broad, flight muscles are attached here
|
bird sternum,
has a large thin keel for muscle attachment |
|
The sternum of this group is typically long, thin, and segmented
|
mammals
|
|
Present in alligators and crocodiles, these rib like strucutes are found embedded in fibrous tissue just behind the sternum, they support the heavy gut
|
Gastralia
|